Determination of organoarsenic warfare agents in sediment samples from Skagerrak by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Tørnes, John Aasulf; Opstad, Aase Mari; Johnsen, Bjørn A.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.031

Cited by 50 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, derivatization reaction [10] is essential for the detection of small quantities of DA and DC to prevent their degradation during sample pretreatment. Laboratory analyses of DA, DC, and their related compounds extracted from sediment [11,12] and water [12,13] have been conducted using chromatographic methods. However, it is believed that there are no reports on the on-site air monitoring of DA and DC using the GC-based methods because the sample concentration and derivatization processes are particularly laborious for these nonvolatile agents.…”

Section: Ms 3 Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Line Reactions and Ionizations of Vaporized Diphenylchloroarsine and Diphenylcyanoarsine in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Okumura

Takada

Watanabe

et al. 2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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MS 3 analysisChemical warfare agents Abstract. We propose detecting a fragment ion (Ph 2 As + ) using counter-flow introduction atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for sensitive air monitoring of chemical warfare vomiting agents diphenylchloroarsine (DA) and diphenylcyanoarsine (DC). The liquid sample containing of DA, DC, and bis(diphenylarsine)oxide (BDPAO) was heated in a dry air line, and the generated vapor was mixed into the humidified air flowing through the sampling line of a mass spectrometer. Humidity effect on the air monitoring was investigated by varying the humidity of the analyzed air sample. Evidence of the in-line conversion of DA and DC to diphenylarsine hydroxide (DPAH) and then BDPAO was obtained by comparing the chronograms of various ions from the beginning of heating. Multiple-stage mass spectrometry revealed that the protonated molecule (MH + ) of DA, DC, DPAH, and BDPAO could produce Ph 2 As + through their in-source fragmentation. Among the signals of the ions that were investigated, the Ph 2 As + signal was the most intense and increased to reach a plateau with the increased air humidity, whereas the MH + signal of DA decreased. It was suggested that DA and DC were converted in-line into BDPAO, which was a major source of Ph 2 As + .

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Section: Ms 3 Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Line Reactions and Ionizations of Vaporized Diphenylchloroarsine and Diphenylcyanoarsine in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Okumura

Takada

Watanabe

et al. 2016

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Tørnes et al (2002) report that even in the deep Skagerrak shells of aerial bombs were severely corroded, while those of artillery grenades remained obviously intact. As a consequence, release of explosives, propellants and powders to the aqueous phase can be expected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical analysis of Lake Bant sediments to ascertain inorganic and organic indicators for warfare residues

et al. 2009

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Purpose The immediate time period after the Second World War (1945)(1946) was characterised by an urgent need to dispose large amounts of ammunition residues. Although the environmental relevance of explosives released to soils is intensively investigated, to date, their fate and effects in marine ecosystems are not well known. Surface sediments from Lake Bant, Germany, for which deposition of an enhanced amount of ammunition after World War II has been reported, were analysed to identify organic and inorganic indicators for warfare residues. Additionally, samples of ammunition residues collected from the Wadden Sea, Germany, were analysed in order to obtain information on the long-term behaviour of explosives in undamaged ammunition left in the aquatic environment and to obtain first insights into the spectrum of organic substances which are possibly released to the aquatic environment by such ammunition residues. Materials and methods Inorganic analyses comprising determination of major elements (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence) and heavy metals (ICP-OES, graphite furnace AAS and LA-ICP-MS) were applied to surface sediment samples from Lake Bant as well as to metal coatings of ammunition samples. Organic constituents of sediment samples, corresponding pore water and ammunition fillings were analysed by a Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometerbased non-target screening approach. Results and discussion Analyses of lake sediment samples depicted a complex pattern of pollution dominantly derived from petrogenic and sewage sources. Comparing the spatial distribution of petrogenic contaminants with petroleumrelated emissions sources present till 1945 at Lake Bant, it is likely that the detected petrogenic contamination represents dominantly war-related residues. Contamination from ammunition residues was not clearly evident in the sediment samples. However, indicative nitrogen-containing compounds potentially reflecting ammunition impact were obtained from analyses of pore water samples. The presence of dibenzylamine, N-nitroso dibenzylamine and diethylamino benzopyranone might give evidence that nitrogen-rich compounds have been released by dumped ammunition. Additional investigation of ammunition samples from the same time period derived from the Jade Bay indicated a high-preservation potential and consequently long-term preservation for explosives in undamaged ammunition residues. Responsible editor: Michael KerstenElectronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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“…Phenylarsenicals are widely known as the arsenic-based chemical weapons Clark I (diphenylchloroarsine), Clark II (diphenylcyanoarsine), Adamsite (phenarsazine chloride), and Pfiffikus (phenylarsine dichloride) [1,2]. They were produced extensively during the First and Second World Wars and were discarded in several parts of post-war China, Japan and Europe [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of diphenylarsinic acid by UV-C light: Implication for its remediation

Wang

Teng

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Determination of organoarsenic warfare agents in sediment samples from Skagerrak by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cited by 50 publications

References 7 publications

In-Line Reactions and Ionizations of Vaporized Diphenylchloroarsine and Diphenylcyanoarsine in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In-Line Reactions and Ionizations of Vaporized Diphenylchloroarsine and Diphenylcyanoarsine in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Geochemical analysis of Lake Bant sediments to ascertain inorganic and organic indicators for warfare residues

Photodegradation of diphenylarsinic acid by UV-C light: Implication for its remediation

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