Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer

Ryeng, Kathrine A.; Arnemo, Jon M.; Larsen, Stig

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.119

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The risk of injury and hyperthermia increased with prolonged induction times. In field situations, long induction times increase flight distance and reduce the chance of recovering an animal (Ryeng, 2001). Jessup et al (1984) reported a mean carfentanil dosage of 30.0 g/kg was effective for remote immobilization of captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and Caulkett et al (2000) reported an IM injection of 10.0 g/kg carfentanil was effective for immobilizing captive mule deer and mule deerϫwhite-tailed deer hybrids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Carfentanil/Xylazine and Telazol®/Xylazine for Immobilization of White-Tailed Deer

Miller

Muller

Storms

et al. 2003

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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From October 2001 to January 2002, captive free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with a combination of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride. From this study, we selected a dose of carfentanil/xylazine for the purpose of comparing immobilization parameters and physiologic effects with those of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol ) and xylazine. Animals were initially given intramuscular injections of 10 mg xylazine and one of four doses of carfentanil (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg). A carfentanil dose of 1.2 mg (xϮSDϭ23.5Ϯ3.2 g/kg) and 10 mg xylazine (0.2Ϯ0.03 mg/kg) were selected, based on induction times and previously published reports, to compare with a combination of 230 mg of Telazol (4.5Ϯ0.6 mg/kg) and 120 mg xylazine (2.3Ϯ0.3 mg/kg). Time to first observable drug effects and to induction were significantly longer for deer treated with carfentanil/xylazine than with Telazol /xylazine (PϽ0.01). Hyperthermia was common in deer immobilized with carfentanil/xylazine, but heart rate, respiration rate, and hemoglobin saturation were within acceptable levels. Degree of anesthesia of deer immobilized with Telazol /xylazine was superior to deer immobilized with carfentanil/xylazine. The combination of 120 mg of naltrexone hydrochloride and 6.5 mg of yohimbine hydrochloride provided rapid and complete reversal (1.9Ϯ1.1 min) of carfentanil/xylazine immobilization. Animals immobilized with Telazol /xylazine had long recovery times with occasional resedation after antagonism with 6.5 mg of yohimbine. The combination of carfentanil and xylazine at the doses tested did not provide reliable induction or immobilization of white-tailed deer even though drug reversal was rapid and safe using naltrexone and yohimbine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Carfentanil/Xylazine and Telazol®/Xylazine for Immobilization of White-Tailed Deer

Miller

Muller

Storms

et al. 2003

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…When the inoculation process was completed, sedation was reversed by intramuscular injection of atipamezole (Antisedan™; Atipamezole 5 mg/ml, Zoetis, UK) at a fixed ratio of 5:1 atipamezole:medetomidine and animals were monitored until they were standing. Despite using recommended drugs and doses being reduced to one-third of those recommended for semi-domesticated reindeer [20], three reindeer (one female, two males) died from acute shock-like complications. Similar complications did not occur during the second round of chemical immobilization using the same drugs and doses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervid herpesvirus 2 and not Moraxella bovoculi caused keratoconjunctivitis in experimentally inoculated semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer

et al. 2017

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BackgroundInfectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a transmissible disease in semi-domesticated Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). It is regarded as multifactorial and a single causative pathogen has not yet been identified. From clinical outbreaks we have previously identified Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) and Moraxella bovoculi as candidates for experimental investigations. Eighteen reindeer were inoculated in the right eye with CvHV2 (n = 5), M. bovoculi (n = 5), CvHV2 and M. bovoculi (n = 5) or sterile saline water (n = 3; controls).ResultsAll animals inoculated with CvHv2, alone or in combination with M. bovoculi, showed raised body temperature, increased lacrimation, conjunctivitis, excretion of pus and periorbital oedema; clinical signs that increased in severity from day 2 post inoculation (p.i.) and throughout the experiment, until euthanasia 5–7 days p.i. Examination after euthanasia revealed corneal oedema, and three animals displayed a corneal ulcer. CvHV2 could be identified in swab samples from both the inoculated eye and the control eye from most animals and time points, indicating a viral spread from the inoculation site.ConclusionsThis study showed that CvHV2 alone and in combination with M. bovoculi was able to cause the characteristic clinical signs of IKC in reindeer, whereas inoculation of M. bovoculi alone, originally isolated from a reindeer with IKC, did not produce clinical signs. Previous studies have suggested that herding procedures, animal stress and subsequent reactivation of latent CvHV2 infection in older animals is a plausible mechanism for IKC outbreaks among reindeer calves and young animals in reindeer herds. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the infection biology and epidemiology associated with IKC in reindeer.

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“…Animals were divided into two groups according to the inoculation method: one respiratory group (R1, R2, and R3) and one genital group (G1, G2, and G3). Prior to being inoculated with CvHV2, the animals where immobilized with an intramuscular administration of a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (0.1 mg/kg Domitor; Orion Corporation, Turku, Finland) and ketamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg Ketalar; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY) (29).…”

Section: Cells and Virus Madin-darby Bovine Kidney Cells ([Mdbk] Atcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Reindeer with Cervid Herpesvirus 2

Neves

Mørk²,

Godfroid

et al. 2009

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) has been isolated from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), and serological data indicate that in reindeer this virus is endemic in Fennoscandia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. CvHV2 has been described as a cause of subclinical genital infections in reindeer, but little information on primary infections exists. In this study, six seronegative and presumably pregnant reindeer were allocated to one of two groups. Two animals were inoculated with CvHV2 intratracheally, and two animals intravaginally, with one control animal in each group receiving sterile water. Mild hyperthermia and serous discharges from the vagina and nose were observed. No abortions were recorded, but one calf died shortly after birth. Inoculated animals seroconverted and had neutralizing antibodies after days 7 to 10 postinfection. CvHV2 was detected by PCR in nasal and vaginal swabs from animals in both groups but could be isolated only from nasal swabs in the respiratory group and from vaginal swabs in the genital group. CvHV2 was detected by PCR in various organs and tissues postmortem. In control animals, the virus could not be isolated in spite of PCR-positive nasal and vaginal swab samples and some degree of positive immunostaining. One of the animals that were inoculated intratracheally developed a hemorrhagic, necrotizing bronchopneumonia, which was CvHV2 positive by PCR and immunohistochemistry. We conclude that CvHV2 can cause systemic infection, that both genital and respiratory inoculations can lead to virus shedding, and that the virus can infect the fetus in utero.

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Determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

A Comparison of Carfentanil/Xylazine and Telazol®/Xylazine for Immobilization of White-Tailed Deer

A Comparison of Carfentanil/Xylazine and Telazol®/Xylazine for Immobilization of White-Tailed Deer

Cervid herpesvirus 2 and not Moraxella bovoculi caused keratoconjunctivitis in experimentally inoculated semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer

Experimental Infection of Reindeer with Cervid Herpesvirus 2

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