Determination of optimal burning temperature ranges for production of natural hydraulic limes

Válek, Jan; Halem, E. van; Viani, Alberto; Peréz-Estébanez, Marta; Ševčík, Radek; Šašek, Petr

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.015

Cited by 47 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In particular, muscovite is one of the main minerals contained in clays [41,42]. In the presence of quartz or clay minerals, the calcination of CaCO 3 at a temperature between 800 and 1300 • C is known to enable the formation of C 2 S [43,44], and this compound is responsible for the hydraulicity of NHL [45]. Indeed, in the XRD patterns shown in Figure 4b, the presence of C 2 S in QL_G and QL_B was clearly identified.…”

Section: Xrd Analysis Of Quicklime and Evidence Of Hydraulicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

et al. 2019

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In addition to non-hydraulic lime, natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is a material widely used to repair and restore historic buildings. In Korea, although lime mortars have been used as important building materials for thousands of years, the sharing of information and technology with other countries has been relatively inactive. While not recognizing the suitability of NHL as a repair material, undesirable materials such as Portland cement have often been selected due to their high strength, ease of use, and hydraulicity, but unfortunately, this has resulted in the irreversible damage of existing elements, especially in historic masonry structures. This study aims to emphasize the need for hydraulic lime for the sustainable preservation of Korea’s architectural heritage. To justify its use, historical and scientific investigations were conducted. By reviewing literature written in the 15th century, it was found that dark limestone was used to manufacture building lime. Based on this, the chemical compositions of different-colored limestone were experimentally analyzed, and significant evidence was found that dicalcium silicate was formed in the quicklime manufactured by calcining blue-green and green-black limestone. Prior to the 19th century, it would have been impossible to record the chemical compositions of various types of limestone, except for visual observations such as color differences. Fortunately, this important information was recorded in royal documents and has been handed down to the present day. Thus, knowledge from 500 years ago could be scientifically interpreted using the latest technology. The link between the historical record and the experimental results shown in this study can contribute to the selection of a suitable material. This is a method for the preventive preservation of historic masonry structures, as it can significantly lower the possibility of future damages caused by efflorescence and freeze–thaw.

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Section: Xrd Analysis Of Quicklime and Evidence Of Hydraulicitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

et al. 2019

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“…However, it has been concluded that the hydraulic lime could be produced at a relatively low temperatures as 850°C, e.g., by the calcining of limestone containing diatoms or fossils [21,22]. The estimated brick firing temperatures (850-900°C) for the investigated building show that these firing temperatures could be obtained in that period and the hydraulic lime may be used if the raw limestone contained the specific impurities.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Bricksmentioning

confidence: 96%

Material Characterization of Byzantine Period Brick Masonry Walls Revealed in Istanbul (Turkey)

Ulukaya

Yoruç

Yüzer

et al. 2016

Period. Polytech. Civil Eng.

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“…1'e göre 1,28 olarak bulunmuştur. Tablo 1'de yer alan karşılaştırmadan da görülebileceği üzere, deneysel çalışmalar sırasında kullanılan killi kireçtaşı numunesi bağlayıcılık indeksi bakımından kuvvetli hidrolik özellik gösteren kireç üretimine uygun görülmektedir [4,8]. Numunenin ısıl davranışını gösteren termogravimetrik analiz grafiği ise Şekil 4'te yer almaktadır.…”

Section: Ham Madde (Raw Material)unclassified

“…Bu fazlar 850℃ sıcaklıkta sağlanabilse de [7] kuvvetli hidrolik özellik göstermesi beklenen enjeksiyon malzemesinin üretimi için daha yüksek sıcaklıkların tesis edilmesi uygun görülmüştür. Válek ve arkadaşlarının çalışması [4], doğal hidrolik kirecin 850-1200℃ sıcaklık aralığında üretilebildiğini ancak 950℃ ve üzerinde hidrolik fazların oluşumunda ciddi artış gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Bu doğrultuda, numuneler 950℃ ve 1100℃'de 2 saat boyunca kalsine edilip, yavaş ve hızlı soğutularak enjeksiyon malzemesi üretimine uygun koşullar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.…”

Section: Ham Madde (Raw Material)unclassified

Tarihi binaların sağlamlaştırılması için killi kireçtaşından üretilen enjeksiyon malzemesinin karakterizasyonu

Oktay¹,

Uğuryol²,

Güner³

et al. 2020

Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi

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 Determination of calcination conditions to achieve required hydraulic properties and mineral composition.  Grinding before and after calcination.  Determination of proper grout mixing procedure to achieve desired fluidity, volume stability and penetration characteristics. Purpose:The aim of this study is to produce a nano-sized hydraulic injection material for the consolidation of historic buildings from natural hydraulic lime obtained by calcination of an argillaceous limestone. Theory and Methods:Natural hydraulic lime samples were produced by calcining the raw material at 950℃ and 1100℃. The mineral and chemical composition, cementation and hydraulic index values of the calcined samples were determined by XRD and XRF analyses. The sample calcined at 1100℃ was found suitable for injection material production and subjected to mechanical grinding. For comparison, the cementation and hydraulic index values of the sample and of a commercial injection material commonly used were calculated by means of XRF analysis, and their grain sizes were determined by DLS analysis. Various grouts were produced using different water/binder and chemical admixture ratios in order to investigate the availability of the sample in the injection process. Fluidity, volume stability and penetration properties of the produced grouts were evaluated by Marsh Funnel, Flow Cone, bleeding, and sand column tests. In addition, bending and compression tests were performed on the 28 th and 90 th days to compare the mechanical properties of the hardened grouts. Results:The comparison between the ground sample and the commercial product revealed that the grain size of the ground sample is smaller than that of the commercial product and is in the nanometer range, and cementation and hydraulic index values of the sample are higher than that of the commercial product. The obtained injection material provides the limit requirements of Marsh Funnel, Flow Cone, bleeding, and sand column tests when water/binder ratio, super plasticizer amount and mixing procedure determined by preliminary tests are used. Moreover, flexural and compressive strength of the new injection material at 90 days were higher than that of the commercial product. Conclusion:Argillaceous limestone sample calcined at 1100℃ and cooled slowly showed appropriate hydraulic properties for injection material production. After grinding the sample, the measurements revealed that it has a more homogeneous and smaller grain size (416 nm mean) distribution, and higher hydraulic properties than the commercial injection material commonly used in restoration works. Grouts produced with the ground sample provides the limit values required for fluidity, volume stability and penetration. In conclusion, a hydraulic injection material with nanoscale grains has been produced which can be an alternative to existing commercial materials for the consolidation of historic buildings.

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Determination of optimal burning temperature ranges for production of natural hydraulic limes

Cited by 47 publications

References 23 publications

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

Historical and Scientific Investigations into the Use of Hydraulic Lime in Korea and Preventive Conservation of Historic Masonry Structures

Material Characterization of Byzantine Period Brick Masonry Walls Revealed in Istanbul (Turkey)

Tarihi binaların sağlamlaştırılması için killi kireçtaşından üretilen enjeksiyon malzemesinin karakterizasyonu

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