Determination of Ochratoxin A in Licorice and Licorice Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorescence Detection: Collaborative Study

Donata, Lerda; Massimo, Ambrosio; Zoltan, Kunsagi; Stroka, Joerg; Cea, Jacqueline; Cepurnieks, Guntis; Girolamo, Annalisa De; Rechter, P De; Gambin, D; Ioannou–Kakouri, Eleni; Keegan, J; Kormali, P.; Kotello, S.; Legarda, Teresa María; Malone, B.; MacDonald, Susan; Montag, V; Motte, J.C.; M’ller, H-T; Nuotio, Kimmo; Schwadorf, Klaus; Thim, A M; Toome, M; Vancutsem, Jeroen

doi:10.5740/jaoacint.12-251

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Classic analysis involves a C18 solid phase or immunoaffinity clean up prior to HPLC determination with fluorescence detection. Available validated methods cover almost all the possible foodstuffs, among them cereals (Spanjer et al., 2008 ; Desmarchelier et al., 2014 ), coffee (Drunday and Pacin, 2013 ; Nielsen et al., 2015 ; Chen et al., 2016 ; Kokina et al., 2016 ) and cocoa (Amézqueta et al., 2004 ), pork meat and sausages (Duarte et al., 2013 ; Brera et al., 2014 ), milk (Sørensen and Elbæk, 2005 ; Beltrán et al., 2011 ), dried fruits (Spanjer et al., 2008 ; Desmarchelier et al., 2014 ), wine (Visconti et al., 1999 ; Sáez et al., 2004 ; Rodríguez‐Cabo et al., 2016 ), beer (Sáez et al., 2004 ; Ventura et al., 2006 ; Limay‐Rios et al., 2017 ) and liquorice (Ariño et al., 2007 ; Lerda et al., 2013 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food

Schrenk¹,

Bodin²,

Chipman³

et al. 2020

EFS2

147

142

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The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non‐genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health‐based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non‐neoplastic effects, a BMDL10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL10 based on the non‐neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food

Schrenk¹,

Bodin²,

Chipman³

et al. 2020

EFS2

147

142

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“…OTA is a toxic secondary metabolite that is produced by several strains of fungi. Notably, by Penicillium verrucosum in temperate climates, and by Aspergillus ochraceus , Aspergillus carbonarius , and Aspergillus niger in tropical regions [ 12 ]. The optimum conditions for enhanced OT production are, pH 3–10, a temperature of 31 °C, and a minimum of 0.8 water activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots

Elamin

Enomoto

Watanabe

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Ochratoxin (OT) contamination of medicinal herbs is a serious threat to human health. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of OT contamination of licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.) root. Licorice root samples were cut into eight parts, which were placed separately on sucrose-free Czapek Dox agar medium, inoculated with the spores of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus westerdijkiae. After incubation for 10 and 20 days, the OT contents of the samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and microtome sections prepared from the samples were analyzed by desorption electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, to visualize OT localization. The same sections were further examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to investigate the path of fungal mycelial penetration of the inner roots. OT concentrations tended to increase from the upper- to the middle-root parts. OTs were located in cut areas and areas of cork layer damage; they were not present in the undamaged cork layer, indicating that the structure of this layer prevents OT contamination of the licorice root.

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“…Currently, many countries have set legislative limits for mycotoxin, including aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), ochratoxin A(OTA), zearalenone(ZEN), deoxynivalenol(DON), patulin(PAT), and fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) in foodstuffs. , A major way to eliminate mycotoxins from food and feedstuffs is to detect contaminated raw materials. To date, several methods are established for mycotoxin determination, including thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence, or tandem mass spectrometrics detection, − and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture. , On the other hand, immunochemical methods have also been developed and found widespread application as rapid screening method for mycotoxins because of their high specificity, sensitivity, facilitate sample preparation, and ease of use …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Approach for Development of Sensitive and Environmentally Friendly Immunoassay for Mycotoxin Fumonisin B₁ Based on Using Peptide-MBP Fusion Protein as Substitute for Coating Antigen

Chen

et al. 2014

Anal. Chem.

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Here, on the basis of mimotope of small analytes, we demonstrated a new approach for development of sensitive and environmentally friendly immunoassay for toxic small analytes based on the peptide-MBP fusion protein. In this work, using mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) as a model hapten, phage displayed peptide (mimotope) that binds to the anti-FB1 antibody were selected by biopanning from a 12-mer peptide library. The DNA coding for the sequence of peptide was cloned into Escherichia coli ER2738 as a fusion protein with a maltose binding protein (MBP). The prepared peptide-MBP fusion protein are "clonable" homogeneous and FB1-free products and can be used as a coating antigen in the immunoassay. The half inhibition concentration of the quantitative immunoassay setup with fusion protein (F1-MBP and F15-MBP) was 2.15 ± 0.13 ng/mL and 1.26 ± 0.08 ng/mL, respectively. The fusion protein (F1-MBP) was also used to develop a qualitative Elispot assay with a cutoff level of 2.5 ng/mL, which was 10-fold more sensitive than that measured for chemically synthesized FB1-BSA conjugates based Elispot immunoassay. The peptide-MBP fusion protein not only can be prepared reproducibly as homogeneous and FB1-free products in a large-scale but also can contribute to the development of a highly sensitive immunoassay for analyzing FB1. Furthermore, the novel concept might provide potential applications to a general method for the immunoassay of various toxic small molecules.

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Determination of Ochratoxin A in Licorice and Licorice Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorescence Detection: Collaborative Study

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food

Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food

The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots

New Approach for Development of Sensitive and Environmentally Friendly Immunoassay for Mycotoxin Fumonisin B₁ Based on Using Peptide-MBP Fusion Protein as Substitute for Coating Antigen

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Determination of Ochratoxin A in Licorice and Licorice Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorescence Detection: Collaborative Study

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food

Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food

The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots

New Approach for Development of Sensitive and Environmentally Friendly Immunoassay for Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 Based on Using Peptide-MBP Fusion Protein as Substitute for Coating Antigen

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

New Approach for Development of Sensitive and Environmentally Friendly Immunoassay for Mycotoxin Fumonisin B₁ Based on Using Peptide-MBP Fusion Protein as Substitute for Coating Antigen