Determination of mycotoxins in pet foods sold for domestic pets and wild birds using linked‐column immunoassay clean‐up and HPLC

Abstract

A technique referred to as 'linked-column immunoassay clean-up', was developed for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in a range of dry cereal-based pet foods and wild bird food. In addition a method also based on clean-up using immunoaffinity columns was used for the determination of fumonisin mycotoxins in samples known or suspected to contain maize. One hundred samples of pet foods consisting of 35 samples of domestic bird seeds and 15 samples of wild bird food were examined for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and ochratoxin A. Twenty samples of these samples were also examined for fumonisins B1 and B2. Limits of detection were about 0.5 micrograms/kg for each aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and 3 and 8 micrograms/kg for fumonisins B1 and B2 respectively. Eighty-four percent of the samples contained no measurable concentrations of mycotoxins. A low level of aflatoxin B1 was found in a sample of cat food and a concentration of 370 micrograms/kg aflatoxin B1 in one sample of peanuts marketed for wild birds. Ochratoxin A was detected in 10% of samples but in low concentrations, the highest of 7 micrograms/kg occurring in a sample of bird food. Fumonisins were found in 30% of the 20 samples tested with a maximum of 750 micrograms/kg total fumonisins being found in a sample of cat food. Five samples each of dog and cat foods were examined for mould count and fungal species as received and after storage under controlled simulated damp conditions. Mould counts in all 10 samples examined were very low when received. The samples in which moisture content had been increased contained visible mould after storage. Penicillium, Eurotium and Aspergillus were the predominant species. However, no ochratoxin A or aflatoxins were detected in these spoiled samples.

Survey and risk assessment of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, and aflatoxins in commercial dry dog food

“…Our results are similar to those reported by Scudamore et al (1997) who detected FUM in 30% (n=20), with a level of contamination of 750 µg/kg feed. These levels seem to be too low to produce acute FUM toxicity.…”

Effect of acid lactic bacteria isolated from faeces of healthy dogs on growth parameters and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus species in vitro

“…Dogs are particularly sensitive to the acute hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects of AFs (Garland and Reagor 2001;Böhm and Razzai-Fazeli 2005;Boermans and Leung 2007). In previous works an important percentage of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus aflatoxin producers strains and samples containing AFB 1 were detected from ready pet foods worldwide (Scudamore et al 1997;Sharma and Marquez 2001;Bueno et al 2001;Gunsen and Yaroglu 2002;Maia and Pereira Bastos de Sequeira 2002;Martins et al 2003;Basalan et al 2004;Leung et al 2006;Campos et al 2008Campos et al , 2009Fernández-Juri et al 2009a, b).…”

Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in Portuguese maize and maize-based samples by HPLC with fluorescence detection

“…These methods generally involve liquid extraction, with mixtures of polar solvents, such as methanol/ water [16,17], acetonitrile/water [18], methanol/acetonitrile/water [19], and acetonitrile/NaH 2 PO 4 [20]. A clean-up procedure is frequently applied that usually employs solidphase extraction (SPE) columns such as with reversedphase columns [18,20], strong anion exchange columns (SAXs) [8,21], and immunoaffinity columns (IACs) [17,22] that present higher specificity.…”