Determination of mycotoxins in biscuits, dried fruits and fruit jams: an assessment of human exposure

Škrbić, Biljana; Antić, Igor; Cvejanov, J.

doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1303195

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 are the most toxic and carcinogenic naturally occurring mycotoxins. Due to their extreme hepatocarcinogenicity, extensive research has been carried out on the natural occurrence, identification, characterisation, biosynthesis, and genetic regulation of aflatoxins 13,14 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxins in Dry Fruits and Nuts from Central India

Patel¹,

Pandey²,

Mishra³

2020

Def. Life. Sc. Jl.

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In central part of India, dry fruits and nuts are mostly sold in loose conditions and hence may get fungal infections, and may have aflatoxins to the levels beyond the safe limits. The present study is an attempt to showcase the present scenario of aflatoxins in dry fruits and nuts from Central India, both qualitatively and quantatively. Out of 84 samples, 15 were found to have the presence of at least one aflatoxin. HPLC detection showed that AFB1 is the major aflatoxin. The total aflatoxins were found in the range of 25.4 - 393.51 μg kg-1, which is beyond the safe limit set by regulatory authorities. Further, dry figs were the most contaminated among tested dry fruits, and 5 out 12 samples (41.6%) were contaminated, followed by cashew nuts (33.3%). Samples sold in loose packing were found more contaminated with aflatoxins. The study advocates that selling of such dry fruits in loose form should be banned by the regulatory authorities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxins in Dry Fruits and Nuts from Central India

Patel¹,

Pandey²,

Mishra³

2020

Def. Life. Sc. Jl.

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“…The use of LC–MS or LC–MS/MS also had a great impact on the development of multi‐mycotoxin methods and several papers describe the simultaneous determination of several mycotoxins (e.g. García‐Moraleja et al., ; Saladino et al., ; Škrbić et al., , ; Cunha et al., ). According to Shephard (), methods have been developed that determine over 100 mycotoxins in a single analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2020

EFS2

211

179

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EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of aflatoxins in food. The risk assessment was confined to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFM1. More than 200,000 analytical results on the occurrence of aflatoxins were used in the evaluation. Grains and grain‐based products made the largest contribution to the mean chronic dietary exposure to AFB1 in all age classes, while ‘liquid milk’ and ‘fermented milk products’ were the main contributors to the AFM1 mean exposure. Aflatoxins are genotoxic and AFB1 can cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in humans. The CONTAM Panel selected a benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of HCC in male rats following AFB1 exposure to be used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The calculation of a BMDL from the human data was not appropriate; instead, the cancer potencies estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 2016 were used. For AFM1, a potency factor of 0.1 relative to AFB1 was used. For AFG1, AFB2 and AFG2, the in vivo data are not sufficient to derive potency factors and equal potency to AFB1 was assumed as in previous assessments. MOE values for AFB1 exposure ranged from 5,000 to 29 and for AFM1 from 100,000 to 508. The calculated MOEs are below 10,000 for AFB1 and also for AFM1 where some surveys, particularly for the younger age groups, have an MOE below 10,000. This raises a health concern. The estimated cancer risks in humans following exposure to AFB1 and AFM1 are in‐line with the conclusion drawn from the MOEs. The conclusions also apply to the combined exposure to all five aflatoxins.

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“…The fungi predominantly infest cereals, and its by-products (Aldred et al, 2004 ; Mudili et al, 2014 ). However, over last few decades, researchers have ascertained that fruits were as well substantially contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins and pose health at risk (Barkai-Golan and Paster, 2011 ; Juan et al, 2017 ; Škrbić et al, 2017 ; Zheng et al, 2017 ; De Berardis et al, 2018 ; Sandoval-Contreras et al, 2018 ). Mycotoxins can persevere in fruits even once the fungi have been eradicated and could diffuse into healthy portion of fruits (Taniwaki et al, 1992 ; Restani, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Detoxification Efficacy of Irradiation on Zearalenone Mycotoxin in Various Fruit Juices by Response Surface Methodology and Elucidation of Its in-vitro Toxicity

2018

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Fruits are vital portion of healthy diet owed to rich source of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers, which are highly favorable in keeping individual fit. Unfortunately, these days, one-third of fruits were infested with fungi and their toxic metabolites called mycotoxins, which is most annoying and pose significant health risk. Therefore, there is a need to suggest appropriate mitigation strategies to overcome the mycotoxins contamination in fruits. In the present study, detoxification efficiency of irradiation on zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxin was investigated in distilled water and fruit juices (orange, pineapple, and tomato) applying statistical program response surface methodology (RSM). The independent factors were distinct doses of irradiation and ZEA, and response factor was a percentage of ZEA reduction in content. A central composite design (CCD) consists of 13 experiments were planned applying software program Design expert with distinct doses of irradiation (up to 10 kGy) and ZEA (1–5 μg). The results revealed that independent factors had a positive significant effect on the response factor. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was followed to fit a proper statistical model and suggested that quadratic model was appropriate. The optimized model concluded that doses of irradiation and ZEA were the determinant factors for detoxification of ZEA in fruit juices. Further, toxicological safety of irradiation mediated detoxified ZEA was assessed in the cell line model by determining the cell viability (MTT and live/dead cell assays), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), nuclear damage, and caspase-3 activity. The higher level of live cells and MMP, lower extent of intracellular ROS molecules and caspase-3, and intact nuclear material were noticed in cells treated with irradiation mediated detoxified ZEA related to non-detoxified ZEA. The results confirmed that toxicity of ZEA was decreased with irradiation treatment and detoxification of ZEA by irradiation is safe. The study concluded that irradiation could be a potential post-harvest food processing technique for detoxification of ZEA mycotoxin in fruit juices. However, irradiation of fruit juices with high dose of 10 kGy has minimally altered the quality of fruit juices.

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Determination of mycotoxins in biscuits, dried fruits and fruit jams: an assessment of human exposure

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxins in Dry Fruits and Nuts from Central India

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxins in Dry Fruits and Nuts from Central India

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food

Assessment of Detoxification Efficacy of Irradiation on Zearalenone Mycotoxin in Various Fruit Juices by Response Surface Methodology and Elucidation of Its in-vitro Toxicity

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