Determination of monosaccharides as aldononitrile, O-methyloxime, alditol, and cyclitol acetate derivatives by gas chromatography

Guerrant, G O; Moss, C W

doi:10.1021/ac00268a010

Cited by 191 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The amino sugar analysis method was adapted from a previous protocol 30,31 , as modified by Liang et al 32 Briefly, B1 g lyophilized soil samples were heated for 8 h at 105 1C in closed hydrolysis flasks with 6 M HCl. The hydrolysate was dried completely by rotary evaporation at 40 1C under partial vacuum, taken up into methanol, transferred to 3-ml vials and evaporated to dryness on a Labconco 79000 RapidVap (Labconco Co., Kansas City, MO, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming and nitrogen deposition lessen microbial residue contribution to soil carbon pool

2012

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Microorganisms have a role as gatekeepers for terrestrial carbon fluxes, either causing its release to the atmosphere through their decomposition activities or preventing its release by stabilizing the carbon in a form that cannot be easily decomposed. Although research has focused on microbial sources of greenhouse gas production, somewhat limited attention has been paid to the microbial role in carbon sequestration. However, increasing numbers of reports indicate the importance of incorporating microbial-derived carbon into soil stable carbon pools. Here we investigate microbial residues in a California annual grassland after a continuous 9-year manipulation of three environmental factors (elevated CO 2 , warming and nitrogen deposition), singly and in combination. Our results indicate that warming and nitrogen deposition can both alter the fraction of carbon derived from microbes in soils, though for two very different reasons. A reduction in microbial carbon contribution to stable carbon pools may have implications for our predictions of global change impacts on soil stored carbon.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming and nitrogen deposition lessen microbial residue contribution to soil carbon pool

2012

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“…Tissue glucose, sorbitol, fructose and myo-inositol concentrations were measured as their aldonitrile and cyclitol or alditol acetate derivatives as previously described [10,11,36], using gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection. Protein content was estimated by the method of Peterson [37].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the effects of inhibitors of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase on neurovascular function, nerve conduction and tissue polyol pathway metabolites in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

et al. 1997

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Elevated polyol pathway activity has been implicated in the development of diabetic complications, including neuropathy [1]. In diabetic models, inhibitors of the first enzyme in the pathway, aldose reductase, prevent or correct nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and regeneration deficits [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Clinical trials of aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) have shown modest improvements in neurological symptoms, NCV, sensory measures, and an increase in nerve fibre regeneration [14-17] despite a less effective polyol pathway blockade than was found necessary for functional effects in animal studies [6,10,18].Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the action of ARI. Some putative mechanisms are primarily dependent on the first half of the polyol pathway, conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose Diabetologia (1997) 40: 271-281 Comparison of the effects of inhibitors of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase on neurovascular function, nerve conduction and tissue polyol pathway metabolites in streptozotocin-diabetic rats Summary Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) attenuate diabetic complications in several tissues, including lens, retina, kidney, blood vessels, striated muscle and peripheral nerve. However, it is unclear whether their action in diabetes mellitus depends directly on inhibiting the conversion of glucose to sorbitol by aldose reductase or indirectly by reducing the sorbitol available for subsequent metabolism to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase. To identify the polyol pathway step most relevant to complications, particularly neuropathy, we compared the biochemical effects of a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor, WAY-135 706, (250 mg ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ day −1 ) and an ARI, WAY-121 509, (10 mg ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ day −1 ) on a variety of tissues, and their effects on nerve perfusion and conduction velocity. After 6 weeks of untreated streptozotocin diabetes, rats were treated for 2 weeks. Sorbitol was elevated 2.1-32.6-fold by diabetes in lens, retina, kidney, aorta, diaphragm, erythrocytes and sciatic nerve; this was further increased (1.6-8.2-fold) by WAY-135 706 whereas WAY-121 509 caused a marked reduction. Fructose 1.6-8.0-fold elevated by diabetes in tissues other than diaphragm, was reduced by WAY-135 706 and WAY-121 509, except in the kidney. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were decreased by 20.2 and 13.9 %, respectively with diabetes. These deficits were corrected by WAY-121 509, but WAY-135 706 was completely ineffective. A 48.6 % diabetes-induced deficit in sciatic nutritive endoneurial blood flow was corrected by WAY-121 509, but was unaltered by WAY-135 706. Thus, despite profound sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibition, WAY-135 706 had no beneficial effect on nerve function. The data demonstrate that aldose reductase activity, the first step in the polyol pathway, makes a markedly greater contribution to the aetiology of diabetic neurovascular and neurological dysfunction than does the second step involving sorbitol dehydrogenase. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: ...

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“…To remove TCA, the supernatant fraction was washed with ethyl ether. Sorbitol and fructose in the supernatant fraction were converted to sorbitol acetate derivative and fructose acetate derivative according to the method described by Gurrant and Moss [21] (HPLC with the HP1050; Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and mass spectrometry (TSQ; Finnigan Mat, San Jose, CA, USA) using a Cadenza CD-C18 column (75×2.0 mm, internal diameter 3 mm; Imtakt, Kyoto, Japan).…”

Section: Determination Of Sorbitol and Fructose Contents In Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat on experimental diabetic neuropathy in the rat

Kuzumoto

Kusunoki

Kato³

et al. 2006

Diabetologia

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Aims/hypothesis Fidarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), has been reported to improve clinical symptoms and nerve conduction deficits in human diabetic neuropathy. We evaluated the dose-dependency and some of the mechanisms of the drug action in experimental diabetic neuropathy (EDN). Methods Control rats and rats with EDN were fed on normal pellets or pellets containing 0.00066% (1 mg/kg) or 0.00263% (4 mg/kg) fidarestat for 10 weeks. We evaluated the effect of fidarestat on nerve blood flow (NBF), electrophysiology, and sorbitol and fructose content in sciatic nerve in control and diabetic rats. For detection of oxidative stress in peripheral nerve, we measured sciatic nerve reduced glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunolabelling of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Results NBF, compound muscle action potential and amplitude of C-potential were significantly improved in diabetic rats fed on the diet supplemented with fidarestat. Fidarestat suppressed the increase in sorbitol and fructose, normalised GSH in sciatic nerve, and reduced the number of 8-OHdG-positive cells in DRG. Conclusions/interpretation Fidarestat improves neuropathy, presumably via an improvement in oxidative stress. This study supports a role for fidarestat in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

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Determination of monosaccharides as aldononitrile, O-methyloxime, alditol, and cyclitol acetate derivatives by gas chromatography

Cited by 191 publications

References 19 publications

Warming and nitrogen deposition lessen microbial residue contribution to soil carbon pool

Warming and nitrogen deposition lessen microbial residue contribution to soil carbon pool

Comparison of the effects of inhibitors of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase on neurovascular function, nerve conduction and tissue polyol pathway metabolites in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat on experimental diabetic neuropathy in the rat

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