Determination of melamine in rat plasma, liver, kidney, spleen, bladder and brain by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Wu, Yu Tse; Huang, Chih Min; Lin, Chung-Cherng; Ho, Wei An; Lin, Lie Chwen; Chiu, Ting Fang; Tarng, Der Cherng; Lin, Chi; Tsai, Tung Hu

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.027

Cited by 101 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…and evenly distributed throughout the body (Hsieh et al, 2009). Previous study showed that melamine enriched in animals and accumulated in some tissues ) and was also found in brain (Wu et al, 2009). However, we still know very little about the effects of melamine on CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as the main Ndemethylated metabolites of hexamethylmelamine (Worzalla et al, 1974) which has central nervous system (CNS) toxicity including agitation, confusion, drowsiness, depression and something like epileptic seizure (Legha et al, 1976), melamine may have the CNS toxicity as well. And recently, melamine has been found in rat brain and especially in the regions of cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and brain stem (Wu et al, 2009). However, the potential hazard of melamine on the CNS is little known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of melamine on potassium currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons

Yang

Tian

Yang

et al. 2010

Toxicology in Vitro

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of melamine on potassium currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons

Yang

Tian

Yang

et al. 2010

Toxicology in Vitro

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“…Many studies have focused on the effect of melamine-induced crystalluria, kidney stones, and nephrotoxicity, but there is little information about the toxicity of melamine to other tissues and organs, especially the central nervous system (CNS). Wu et al (2009) demonstrated that melamine could be found in CNS, and concentrations of melamine were 4. 6, 7.4, 7.8, 7.6, 11.7, and 6.0% of the plasma melamine level respectively for cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, brain stem, and the rest of the brain after 30 min by bolus injection via femoral vein of rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Induction of Apoptosis by Melamine in Differentiated PC12 Cells

et al. 2010

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Melamine (2, 4, 6-triamino-1, 3, 5-triazine) was found in milk powder as an additive to raise the measured protein content in 2008 and thereby resulted in the outbreak of renal failure in infants in China. Previous studies focused on the renal toxicity in dogs and in cats. However, the toxicity of melamine in the central nervous system (CNS) is of little concern. The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of melamine toxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. MTT assay indicated that melamine (above 33 μg/ml and 12 h) inhibited the proliferation of differentiated PC12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry assay showed that melamine induced the apoptotic cell death rather than necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Reduced superoxide dismutase activity indirectly indicated that melamine could cause oxidative damage in differentiated PC12 cells. These results suggest that melamine is able to cause cytotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells with involvement of oxidative damage and will provide evidence for further research on the potential toxicity in CNS.

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“…A previous study showed that melamine could widely distribute and accumulate in various tissues in mammals [2]. It was further found that the protein content of infant formula milk powder was illegally elevated by using melamine, which was a food additive in China in 2008 [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Autophagy Alleviates Melamine-Induced Cell Death in PC12 Cells Via Decreasing ROS Level

Wang

Gao

et al. 2015

Mol Neurobiol

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Since melamine was illegally added to raw milk for increasing the apparent protein content, such a scandal has not been quite blown out. Previous studies showed that melamine induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. It is well known that autophagy is closely related to oxidative stress. In the present study, we examined whether autophagy played an important role in protecting PC12 cells, which were damaged by melamine. Immunofluorescence assay showed that melamine enhanced the number of punctuate dot, indicating the increase of autophagosomes. Western blot assay presented that melamine significantly elevated the expression level of autophagy markers including LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, beclin-1, and Atg 7. Rapamycin further enhanced the effect, whereas 3-methyadenine (3-MA) inhibited it. MTT assay exhibited that rapamycin significantly enhanced the cell viability (P < 0.01), while 3-MA considerably reduced it in melamine-treated PC12 cells (P < 0.01). Furthermore, flow cytometry assay showed that rapamycin considerably reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of the cells (P < 0.01), but 3-MA increased the generation of ROS (P < 0.01). Additionally, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was notably increased by rapamycin in melamine-treated PC12 cells (P < 0.01), while the activity of which was prominently decreased by 3-MA (P < 0.01). Malondialdehyde (MDA) assay showed that rapamycin remarkably decreased the MDA level of the cells (P < 0.05), while 3-MA increased it (P < 0.01). Consequently, this study demonstrated that autophagy protected PC12 cells from melamine-induced cell death via inhibiting the excessive generation of ROS. Regulating autophagy may become a new targeted therapy to relieve the damage induced by melamine.

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Determination of melamine in rat plasma, liver, kidney, spleen, bladder and brain by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 101 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of melamine on potassium currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons

Effect of melamine on potassium currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons

Induction of Apoptosis by Melamine in Differentiated PC12 Cells

Autophagy Alleviates Melamine-Induced Cell Death in PC12 Cells Via Decreasing ROS Level

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