“…Approaches used to determine the binding capacities of humic substances for metal ions include coagulation (105), proton release (129,130,145), metal ion retention as determined by competition with a cation-exchange resin (42,159), dialysis (160), anodic stripping voltammetry (60, 100), and ion-selective electrode measurements (26,29). The maximum amount of any given metal ion that can be bound has been found to be approximately equal to the content of COOH groups.…”