Determination of maize genotypes performance under water deficit using ISSR molecular index

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of honeycomb selection design on the production of high-yielding genotypes of sunflower. A field experiment was conducted in the Abu Sedira area of Saqlawiyah / Fallujah District / Anbar Governorate. Five genotypes were used, and selection was carried out using the honeycomb selection design for two seasons. Ten genotypes were obtained, five of which were the original and five were selected genotypes. These are the original genotypes: Aqmar, Haisin, Ishaqi, Sakha, and Flami, and the selected genotypes: Aqmar, Haisi, Ishaqi, Sakha, and Flami. The seeds were planted in three selection cycles in 2022 using honeycomb selection method at a distance of 1.3 m between the furrows and 1.5 m between plants. The selection was based on the largest disk area of the sunflower crop. The superior plants were produced, which were self-pollinated, and then their seeds were mixed and planted and left for random pollination in the third season. The seeds resulting from random pollination were planted in a comparison experiment to compare the original and selected genotypes at three plant densities of 88.88, 66.66, and 53.33 thousand plants ha-1. The results showed that the Aqmar original genotype had the shortest days to flowering, at 66.78 days. The Ishaqi selected genotype had the longest days to flowering at 72.11 days. The Aqmar selected genotype also had the highest leaf area, at 0.7211 m2, compared to the original genotype, which had 0.5222 m2. The Ishaqi selected genotype had the highest disk area, at 421.9 cm2, while the original had 300.7 cm2. The Sakha selected genotype had the highest number of seeds per disk, at 1472.0 seeds, while the original had 1135.5 seeds. The Sakha selected genotype also had the highest plant yield, at 7.938 tons ha-1. The low plant density (53.33 thousand plants ha-1) had the highest number of seeds per disk, at 1395.9 seeds, while the medium and high plant densities (66.66 and 88.88 thousand plants ha-1) had the lowest number of seeds per disk, at 1292.2 and 1152 seeds, respectively. The high plant density had the highest grain yield, at 7.355 tons ha-1, compared to the low density, at 5.887 tons ha-1. In the interaction between genotypes and plant densities, the Flami selected genotype had the highest disk area, at 476.1 cm2, at the low plant density of 53.33 thousand plants ha-1, while the original had 375.7 cm2. The Sakha selected genotype had the highest yield trait at the high plant density, at 8.806 tons ha-1. We recommend using the Sakha selected genotype with the medium and high plant densities of 66.66 and 88.88 thousand plants ha-1.

Section: Seeds Per Disksupporting

confidence: 92%

The Selection by Honey Comb Design and its Effect on Disk Area and Yield Under Three Plant Densities in Sunflower

Ibrahim,

Abdulhamed

2024

“…The (Line × Tester) approach was employed for this purpose. Suggested by [17] and proven by [18,19] by the implementation of a randomized full block design with four replications. Throughout the two growing seasons, all necessary tasks were performed to support the crop, such as plowing at right angles, smoothing the soil, leveling the ground, providing irrigation, and removing weeds, in accordance with the prescribed scientific guidelines.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, approximating the average degree of dominance enables one to ascertain the genetic mechanism governing the traits, thereby facilitating the identification of the most effective breeding technique to enhance them. Regarding the combining characteristics that have been the subject of investigation by numerous yellow maize crop researchers [1][2][3][4], they have discovered that special ability has a more substantial impact than general ability. Genetic variation is crucial for plant cultivators because it provides a broad spectrum from which to select genetic variation, which serves as the foundation from which the most effective genetic combinations can be derived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Parameters Using Line × Tester Multiplication for Growth, Yield and Quality of Maize

Wahid,

Noaman,

Abdulhamed

et al. 2024

An on-site experiment was conducted in the Anbar-Ramadi Governorate, situated at a longitude of 43.26 and a latitude of 33.43, during both the spring and fall seasons of 2022. A total of 10 lines were utilized, consisting of 3 paternal lines and 7 pure maternal lines. The crossbreeding was conducted using the strain × examiner multiplication method, resulting in the production of 21 distinct hybrids. The objective of the study was to investigate genetic action, genetic factors, and the impacts of general and particular combining susceptibility using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. All attributes exhibited significant variations between the parents and their hybrids. The Inb23 strain demonstrated superior performance in terms of average individual plant output, achieving a weight of 138.32 g. Additionally, the Inb17 × AGR21 hybrid had the greatest average plant yield, measuring 198.28 g. The ZP607 tester had the most significant beneficial impact on plant output in terms of general combining ability, with a value of 3.097. The variation components of particular combining ability were larger than the variance components of general combining ability. The importance of dominance variance exceeded that of host variance. The heritability in the narrow sense was low for the number of grains per stalk and yield, but it achieved its maximum level. The weight of 300 seeds and the number of effective leaves were 14.27% and 13.44%, respectively. This resulted in a dominance score greater than one for all attributes. The study concludes that it is feasible to utilize certain superior parents in crossbreeding to create unique hybrids that have the capacity to combine and generate high grain yields. This is because many of their traits are governed by dominance and superdominance. Additionally, the trait of the number of effective leaves can serve as a reliable indicator for enhancing yield.

“…It was quite similar to the 160 kg ha -1 seeding rate, with the exception that the 100 kg ha -1 seeding rate resulted in the slowest growth rate of 11.86 g m -2 day -1 . An increase in net photosynthesis and plant growth rate is caused by an increase in the leaf area index and light interception efficiency, which are both enhanced when the green cover is completed early at high seeding rates [17,18]. The research components showed a substantial interaction, with the variety Baraq showing the best results at a seeding rate of 190 kg ha -1 and an average growth rate of 15.07 g m -2 day -1 .…”

Section: The Crop Growth Rate (Cgr) In G M -2 Day -1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With an average of 22.49%, the Amal variety was the lowest. Due to its higher grain production and lower biological yield value [17], the IPA 265 variety outperforms its competitors in harvest index. This is because genotypes differ in how efficiently they transport the end products of photosynthesis from leaves to sink organs.…”

Section: Harvest Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of Four Barley Varieties to the Effect of Seed Rates

Abas,

Abdulhamed,

Abood

2024

An experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2020-2021 in the fields of a farmer in the city of Ramadi - Anbar province - Iraq, according to the randomized complete block design [RCBD] with split-plot arrangement and three replications. The study examined the effect of four seed rates [100, 130, 160, and 190 kg ha-1] on the growth and yield of four barley varieties [IPA256, Amal, Buhooth 22, and Baraq]. Seed rates allocated to the main plot, while the varieties allocated to the sub-plots. The results showed that the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 gave the highest mean leaf area of 14.52 cm2 and the highest 1000-grain weight of 46.88 g. However, the seed rate of 190 kg ha-1 outperformed in crop growth rate, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index, with 14.19 g m-2 day-1, 20.50 ton ha-1, 5.59 ton ha-1, and 27.40%, respectively. The varieties differed significantly in most of the studied traits, with the variety Buhooth 22 outperformed with the highest mean leaf area and biological yield of 13.05 cm2 and 20.69 ton ha-1, respectively. However, the variety IPA256 gave the highest mean crop growth rate, yield per unit area, and harvest index of 14.38 g m-2 day-1, 5.77 ton ha-1, and 32.23%, respectively. The interaction between varieties and seed rates showed that the variety IPA256 with the seed rate of 190 kg ha-1 gave the highest yield per unit area of 6.17 ton ha-1.