Determination of low concentrations of benzene in urine using multi-dimensional gas chromatography

Ljungkvist, Göran; Lärstad, Monica; Mathiasson, Lennart

doi:10.1039/b007157i

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…The tube was subsequently thermally desorbed and analysed using two-dimensional chromatography and FID detection. The LOD for the method was 7 ng L −1 (Ljungkvist et al , 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline

Forsell

Liljelind

Ljungkvist

et al. 2019

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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IntroductionIncreased rates of leukaemia have been found among tanker crews. Occupational exposures to the leukomogen benzene during loading, unloading, and tank cleaning are possible causes. Studies on older types of tankers carrying gasoline with most handling being done manually have revealed important exposures to benzene. Our study explores benzene exposures on tankers with both automatic and manual systems. Correlations between benzene exposure and benzene in alveolar air (AlvBe), benzene in urine (UBe), and trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) in urine were investigated.MethodsForty-three male seafarers (22 deck crewmembers and 21 not on deck) on five Swedish different product and chemical tankers transporting 95- or 98-octane gasoline were investigated between 1995 and 1998. The tankers used closed systems for the loading and unloading of gasoline but stripping and tank cleaning were done manually. Benzene in respiratory air was measured using personal passive dosimeters during a 4-h work shift. Samples for biomarker analyses were collected pre- and post-shift. Smoking did occur and crewmembers did not use any respiratory protection during work.ResultsThe average 4-h benzene exposure level for exposed was 0.45 mg m−3 and for non-exposed 0.02 mg m−3. Benzene exposure varied with type of work (range 0.02–143 mg m−3). AlvBe, UBe, and ttMA were significantly higher in post-shift samples among exposed and correlated with exposure level (r = 0.89, 0.74, and 0.57, respectively). Smoking did not change the level of significance among exposed.DiscussionBenzene in alveolar air, unmetabolized benzene, and ttMA in urine are potential biomarkers for occupational benzene exposure. Biomarkers were detectable in non-exposed, suggesting benzene exposure even for other work categories on board tankers. Work on tankers carrying gasoline with more or less closed handling of the cargo may still lead to significant benzene exposure for deck crewmembers, and even exceed the Swedish Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL; 8-h time-weighted average [TWA]) of 1.5 mg m−3.

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“…The tube was subsequently thermally desorbed and analysed using two-dimensional chromatography and FID detection. The LOD for the method was 7 ng L −1 (Ljungkvist et al , 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline

Forsell

Liljelind

Ljungkvist

et al. 2019

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Consequently, the volatile components were preconcentrated in the open-tubular trap operated on-line at 50 °C. A 15 cm 3 2 mm id stainlesssteel tube packed with 100-120 mesh Tenax-GC absorbent, which is often used to preconcentrate volatile organic compounds with dynamic HS GC, 24,25 was tried as a trap for comparison with the open-tubular trap. However, the performance of the packed trap was not as good as that of the opentubular trap, according to the experimental results shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Volatile Components Of Cokementioning

confidence: 99%

A new method for analysis of coke on catalysts

Zhu¹

2001

Analyst

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“…Aqueous or water samples from biological processes, food processing, and environmental wastes were also characterized using similar primary/secondary column configurations after the sample had been through preparation steps 17,[25][26][27][28][29][30] . Sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solid-phase extraction, and organic solvent extraction have all been utilized prior to GC × GC-TOF-MS analysis 17,[27][28][29]31,32 . These techniques were aimed at decreasing the polarity of compounds in the sample for analysis using a conventional column configuration 33 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Maddi

Panisko

Albrecht

et al. 2016

JoVE

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Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

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Determination of low concentrations of benzene in urine using multi-dimensional gas chromatography

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline

Benzene Exposure and Biomarkers in Alveolar Air and Urine Among Deck Crews on Tankers Transporting Gasoline

A new method for analysis of coke on catalysts

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

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