Determination of levels of lead and cadmium contamination in meat products sold in northern lebanese markets

Obeid, Pierre J.; Saliba, C.; Younis, M.; Aouad, Samer; El-Nakat, John Hanna

doi:10.2495/safe-v4-n4-329-344

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Prior to usage, any item was washed three times with ddH 2 O [9]. Acid-digested samples were stored in 50-mL polypropylene conical tubes (LaboTech, Lebanon), which were soaked in 10% nitric acid solutions, and washed with ddH 2 O prior to use.…”

Section: Reagents and Glasswarementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrated nitric acid (65%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%) of high quality and purity were used for the sample digestion. Purified nitric acid was also used for the preparation of wash solution and diluents for the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GFAAS) [9]. Ascorbic acid 99.99% pure and trace metal basis (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) was used as pure chemical matrix modifier for lead detection, while magnesium nitrate 99.99% pure and trace metal basis (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich) was used as pure chemical matrix modifier for cadmium detection, in the GFAAS.…”

Section: Reagents and Glasswarementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample atomization was carried out in specialized graphite tubes (Thermo Elemental Omega Platform Extended Lifetime Cuvettes). Coded hallow cathode lamps of lead and cadmium (Thermo-electron Corporation, Germany) were included in the GFAAS's carousel, where the lamp selection was done automatically based on the metal to be analyzed [9,15,16]. During all stages of Pb and Cd analysis, 99.999% pure argon gas (supplied by Chehab Industrial and Medical Gases S.A.L., Lebanon) was used as an internal inert gas with a flow of 300 mL/min.…”

Section: Samples and Sample Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All dilutions were done using 0.5% nitric acid solution. A 0.1% nitric acid solution was used to wash the auto-sampler injection tube between each dilution so as to prevent any cross-over contamination between the calibration points and the samples [9,15,16].…”

Section: Sample Analysis By Gfaasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contamination with toxic metals is considered a critical health hazard due to their toxicity, bioaccumulation and magnification in the food chain [3]. Amongst all heavy metals, Pb and Cd are known to be highly toxic [8,9]. High degree exposure to Pb may affect the neurological, renal, reproductive and the haematological systems with higher vulnerability in children as opposed to adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution levels of lead and cadmium within various fresh meat tissues of beef, goat and lamb and their consumption risk assessment

Obeid¹,

Younis²,

Saliba³

et al. 2016

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Meat is widely considered to be a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals such as iron, selenium, zinc, vitamin B. Besides consuming meat muscle tissues, it is well known that in the Mediterranean area certain populations also consume other meat tissues as the bone marrow, fats, and what is known as "Fashi" or "Ma'alak" which contains the kidneys, spleen, liver, heart, and lungs. In addition, muscle, liver and kidney tissues of such organisms are widely consumed raw, without any further processing. The risk arises from the fact that such meat products are obtained from organisms which in turn have accumulated toxic metals in their tissues. Therefore, levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) from various fresh meat tissues of beef, goat and lamb have been determined in Lebanon for the first time. Their inter-and intra-levels distribution were assessed and compared. Their potential exposure risk from dietary intake was also studied. A total of two hundred and forty (n=240) samples of fresh meat tissues (80 beef, 80 goat and 80 lamb) were collected over a period of several months from various slaughter houses. From each type of organism, five samples of nclusion tissues (heart, liver, fat, muscle, lung, kidney, bone marrow and spleen) were taken. Each individual sample was then subdivided into subsamples for subsequent analysis and quality control purposes. High-pressure closed vessel acid-assisted microwave digestion was used to digest all samples while graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the quantification of the toxic metals. The data showed that the mean levels of Pb in goats ranged from 2.66 to 69.84 µg/Kg for the various tissues studied. In beef, they ranged from 0.50 to 41.34 µg/Kg. While in lamb, levels ranged from 1.59 to 95.95 µg/Kg. Meanwhile, the levels for Cd ranged from 2.39 to 635.86 µg/Kg for goat, 0.55 to 173.72 µg/Kg for beef, and 1.37 to 688.95 µg/Kg for lamb. Based on the inter- This paper is part of the Proceedings of the 3 International Conference rd on Environmental and Economic Impact on Sustainable Development (EID 2016) www.witconferences.com level distribution of Pb and Cd in various tissues, beef meat tissues were found to have lower levels than lamb or goats. These findings suggest that consuming beef meat tissues is much safer due to less exposure to such metals. For the intralevel distribution of Pb in goats, the spleen, kidney and liver were found to have the highest levels. The same pattern was also found for beef and lamb. As for cadmium, the data was clear in showing that in all three types of organisms and within each of their tissues, the liver and the kidneys accumulated noticeably high amounts as opposed to their other tissues. In comparison to the maximum allowable levels (MAL) for Pb and Cd in meat (100 and 50 µg/kg, respectively), none of the samples have exceeded the MAL for Pb, whereas for Cd, the liver and kidneys from all three organisms have exceeded the MAL for Cd. According to provisional tolerable weekly intake levels (PTWI) for Pb...

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Section: Reagents and Glasswarementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reagents and Glasswarementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Samples and Sample Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Analysis By Gfaasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution levels of lead and cadmium within various fresh meat tissues of beef, goat and lamb and their consumption risk assessment

Obeid¹,

Younis²,

Saliba³

et al. 2016

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

Self Cite

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Toxic risk assessment of selected metals in infant formula milk commercially available in Lebanon: A novel approach based on feeding parameters versus toxicity

Obeid,

El Khoury,

El-Nakat

2025

Emerging Contaminants

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History of injury in a developing country: a scoping review of injury literature in Lebanon

Al-Hajj

Pawliuk

Smith

et al. 2020

Journal of Public Health

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Background Lebanon, an Eastern Mediterranean country, suffers a large burden of injury as a consequence of conflict and war, political instability, and the lack of policies and safety regulations. This article aims to systematically map and comprehensively describe the injury research literature in Lebanon and, to identify gaps for future research. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, Eric and SafetyLit, and the grey literature, including conference proceedings, theses and dissertations, government and media reports, were searched without any date or language limits. Data were extracted from 467 documents using REDCap. Results War-related injuries were the most prevalent type of injury in Lebanon, followed by homicide and other forms of violence. While existing literature targeted vulnerable and at-risk populations, the vast majority focused solely on reporting the prevalence of injuries and associated risk factors. There are considerable gaps in the literature dealing with the integration of preventive programs and interventions across all populations. Conclusions Lebanon, historically and currently, experiences a high number of injuries from many different external causes. To date, efforts have focused on reporting the prevalence of injuries and making recommendations, rather than implementing and evaluating interventions and programs to inform policies. Future injury related work should prioritize interventions and prevention programs.

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Determination of levels of lead and cadmium contamination in meat products sold in northern lebanese markets

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Distribution levels of lead and cadmium within various fresh meat tissues of beef, goat and lamb and their consumption risk assessment

Distribution levels of lead and cadmium within various fresh meat tissues of beef, goat and lamb and their consumption risk assessment

Toxic risk assessment of selected metals in infant formula milk commercially available in Lebanon: A novel approach based on feeding parameters versus toxicity

History of injury in a developing country: a scoping review of injury literature in Lebanon

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