Determination of Levamisole in Sheep Muscle Tissue by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Photo Diode Array Detection

Tissue distribution and depletion of levamisole in sheep tissues

“…Ο χρόνος συγκράτησης της λε βαμιζόλης ήταν Rt = 4,334 ± 0,025 min (RSD% = 0,58) (n = 10). Συμφωνά με την αναλυτική μέθοδο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε (Tyrpenou and Xylouri 2006), η μέ ση ανάκτηση (R%) που επιτεύχθηκε ήταν 75,65 ± 2,74% (RSD% = 10,4) για το κρέας, 70,25 ± 1,07% (RSD% = 1,52) για το νεφρό, 72,37 ± 3,6% (RSD% = 4,97) για το ήπαρ και 69,44 ± 2,22% (RSD% = 3,19) για το λίπος (η = 5). Το όριο ανίχνευσης (LOD) ήταν 2,0 μg/kg για το κρέας, το νεφρό και το λίπος και 5,0 μg/kg για το ήπαρ (η = 5).…”

“…Levamisole retention time achieved was Rt = 4.334 ± 0.025 min (RSD% = 0.58) (n = 10). According to the method used (Tyrpenou and Xylouri, 2006), mean recovery (R%) achieved was 75.65 ± 2.74% (RSD% = 10.4) for muscle tissue, 70.25 ± 1.07% (RSD% = 1.52) for kidney, 72.37 ± 3.6% (RSD% = 4.97) for liver and 69.44 ± 2.22% (RSD% = 3.19) for fat (n = 5). The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.0 μg/kg for muscle, kidney and fat and 5.0 μg/kg for liver tissue (n = 5).…”

Simultaneous analysis of the of levamisole with triclabendazole in pharmaceuticals through developing TLC and HPLC-PDA chromatographic techniques and their greenness assessment using GAPI and AGREE methods

“…For the quantitative determination of LEVA by itself or with the combination of other medications either in its pure form or in dosage forms or its degradation form or in the presence of metabolites, a variety of techniques have been documented. These techniques include high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], with mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS/MS) [27][28][29], liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) [30], with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) [31][32][33][34], ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [35], gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [36][37][38], high performance thin-layer chromatographic methods (TLC) [38,39], capillary electrophoresis [38,40,41], spectrophotometric methods [42], potentiometric methods [43,44], electrochemiluminescence [45], electro-membrane extraction [46], and electrochemically using electrodes modi ed with boron-doped diamond [47]. The concentration of TCBZ alone or in combination with other medications has been measured using a variety of techniques, including high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), pharmaceutical dosage forms, biological uids, and in the presence of its metabolites [48][49][50][51]…”

Development of RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Quantitation of Levamisole and Albendazole: Application to Assay Validation

“…Some of the methods for determination of levamisole, along with some antihelminthics in various biological samples by HPLC, have been developed, including determination of the anthelmintic levamisole in plasma and gastrointestinal fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography by Marriner S et al [ 18 ], determination of levamisole by HPLC in plasma samples in the presence of heparin and pentobarbital by Garcia JJ et al [ 19 ], determination of levamisole and thiabendazole in meat by de Bukanski BW et al [ 20 ], quantitation of levamisole in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography by Vandamme TF et al [ 21 ], solid-phase extraction and HPLC determination of levamisole hydrochloride in sheep plasma by Du Preez JL et al [ 22 ], determination of levamisole in animal tissues using liquid chromatography by E. Dreassi et al [ 23 ], quantitative chromatographic determination of several benzimidazole anthelmintic molecules in parasite material by Mottier L et al [ 24 ], liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet absorbance detection for measurement of levamisole in chicken tissues, eggs, and plasma done by El-Kholy H et al [ 25 ], quantitative determination of albendazole metabolites in sheep spermatozoa and seminal plasma by Batzias GC et al [ 26 ], a rapid HPLC method for analysis of ricobendazole and albendazole sulfone in sheep plasma by Wu Z et al [ 27 ], HPLC assay of levamisole and abamectin in sheep plasma for application to pharmacokinetic studies by Sari P et al [ 28 ], determination of levamisole in sheep muscle tissue by Tyrpenou AE et al [ 29 ], and investigation of the persistence of levamisole and oxyclozanide in milk and fate in cheese by M. Whelan et al [ 30 ]. Determination of levamisole with other anthelmintic agents in pharmaceuticals including veterinary preparations by HPLC includes high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of several anthelmintics in veterinary formulations by E. C. Van-Tonder et al [ 31 ], simultaneous determination of levamisole hydrochloride and mebendazole in tablets by R. Raman et al [ 32 ], separation and determination of the process related impurities of mebendazole, fenbendazole, and albendazole in bulk drugs by Gomes AR et al [ 33 ], simultaneous determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid formulations by P. Sari et al [ 34 ], simultaneous estimation of levamisole, mebendazole, and albendazole in pharmaceutical products by Kullai Reddy Ulavapalli et al [ 35 ], method for determination of levamisole in bulk and dosage form by Ravisankar P et al [ 36 ], enantioseparation of tetramisole by capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography and application of these techniques to enantiomeric purity determination of a veterinary drug formulation of L-levamisole done by B. Chankvetadze et al [ 37 ], UPLC method for the determination of albendazole residues pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment surfaces by R. S. Chandan et al [ 38 ], and HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of levamisole hydrochloride and oxyclozanide in it...…”