Determination of lead in dietary supplements by high-resolution continuum-source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with direct solid sampling

Safety Assessment of Herbal Food Supplements: Elemental Profiling and Associated Risk

“…In a study conducted in Jordan, Pb, Al, and Ni were present in 88, 76, and 4% of the samples of herbal pharmaceutical products intended for infants, as well as in 93, 87, and 13% of traditional herbs, respectively, while Cd and As, contrary to the current and majority of other studies related to herbal supplements [9,[14][15][16]34], were not found in any of the samples [12]. Results of a Brazilian study performed on 74 solid food supplements revealed Pb contamination in the range from 0.04 to 7.01 µg/g, with the highest values related to the samples based on herbal extracts [39]. Analysis of selected Asian herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine and several European herbs and supplements based on these herbal raw materials showed significantly different concentrations of toxic elements between the samples, as observed also in the current and some other studies [16], as a consequence of genetic, agronomic, geographical, and environmental differences in the environment and composition of the soil, as well as the extraction processes [40,41].…”

“…The predicted daily intake of Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn found in various Nigerian supplements, including herbal, exceeded the USP PDE recommendations, which were met by the other 10 analyzed elements [46]. Daily intake of Pb from 74 solid food supplements from the Brazilian market ranged from 0.04 to 25.3 µg/day, with two samples causing exposure above the USP limit (10 µg/day) [39]. Based on the concentrations of 12 elements determined in six herbal supplements from the USA market, their consumption as recommended on labels did not pose a significant risk, as the amounts on a per serving and daily use basis were all below the recommended daily allowance [47].…”

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in the analysis of clinical and biological materials, foods and beverages

“…In two other reports HR-CS-ETAAS was employed for the measurement of Cd and Fe in cereal flakes 70 and Pb in dietary supplements. 71 The optimised conditions and LODs were reported. These appear to be similar to those given in other published studies.…”

Analytical Techniques for The Evaluation of Lead Concentrations in Food for Human Consumption

“…Finally, 25 academic scientific articles were obtained, 4 articles in Scopus, 17 articles in Science Direct and 4 articles in Google Scholar respectively, for which a cross-checking of information was carried out beforehand so that the academic scientific articles would not be repeated in other databases already used. [18]. We divided the search in general into three stages in our research method: identification, which consists of probing the topic in general using keywords and years of publication; the second stage was exclusion, in which we excluded articles from each of the search engines using parameters such as articles that were not directly related to the topic and qualitative articles; and the third stage was inclusion, which covers the articles that we will use in this systematic review.…”