Determination of ketamine and amphetamines in hair by LC/MS/MS

Tabernero, María Jesús; Felli, Marialinda; Bermejo, Ana María; Chiarotti, Marcello

doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3163-4

Cited by 56 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Until now, studies on the simultaneous analysis of amphetamine-related drugs in hair have focused on illegal amphetamines, such as methamphetamine, amphetamine, MDMA, and MDA using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [18,19] or LC-MS/MS [20,21]. In the present study, five anorectics (phentermine, phendimetrazine, amfepramone, fenfluramine, and mazindol), which have abuse probability because of local availability through legal or illegal means, were included among the analytes, along with methamphetamine, MDMA, and their selected metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a simultaneous analytical method for selected anorectics, methamphetamine, MDMA, and their metabolites in hair using LC-MS/MS to prove anorectics abuse

Lee

Kim

et al. 2012

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Owing to the tight control of methamphetamine, it is presumed that phentermine, an amphetamine-type anorectic, has recently been considered a supplement for methamphetamine abusers in Korea. In addition, the abuse of other anorectics obtained by inappropriate means has become a social issue. Hair is a useful specimen to prove chronic drug use. Therefore, an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of phentermine, phendimetrazine, amfepramone, fenfluramine, mazindol, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as their metabolites, which covers the major amphetamines and anorectic agents in Korea, in hair was established and validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The drugs and their metabolites in hair were extracted using 1 % HCl in methanol and then filtered and analyzed by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive mode. The validation results for selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, recovery, process efficiency, intra- and interassay precision and accuracy, and processed sample stability were satisfactory. The limits of detection ranged from 0.025 to 1 ng/10 mg hair and the limits of quantification were 0.25 ng/10 mg hair for every analyte except mazindol and phentermine, for which they were 10 ng/10 mg hair. The method was successfully applied for the segmental determination of selected anorectics, methamphetamine, MDMA, and their metabolites in hair from 39 drug suspects. Among the anorectics, phentermine and/or phendimetrazine were identified with or without methamphetamine in the hair samples. Closer supervision of the inappropriate use of anorectics is necessary. Also, hair analysis is useful for monitoring the abuse potential of unnoticed drugs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a simultaneous analytical method for selected anorectics, methamphetamine, MDMA, and their metabolites in hair using LC-MS/MS to prove anorectics abuse

Lee

Kim

et al. 2012

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…The majority of published hair testing methods are for drugs of abuse, including opiates, 42,60,69 cocaine, 64,87,98 amphetamines 66,67,75,84 and cannabinoids, 58,85,86,99 employing GC-MS or LC-MS-MS. Although new methods have been reported using specialist analytical instrumentation including quadruple time-of-flight and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight, 97,100 standard instrumentation and method parameters (temperature programme, ions selected for monitoring, collision energies, etc.)…”

Section: Confirmation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair testing is taking root

Cooper

2011

Ann Clin Biochem

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An increasing number of toxicology laboratories are choosing to expand the services they offer to include hair testing in response to customer demands. Hair provides the toxicologist with many advantages over conventional matrices in that it is easy to collect, is a robust and stable matrix that does not require refrigeration, and most importantly, provides a historical profile of an individual's exposure to drugs or analytes of interest. The establishment of hair as a complementary technique in forensic toxicology is a direct result of the success of the matrix in medicolegal cases and the wide range of applications. However, before introducing hair testing, laboratories must consider what additional requirements they will need that extend beyond simply adapting methodologies already validated for blood or urine. Hair presents many challenges with respect to the lack of available quality control materials, extensive sample handling protocols and low drug concentrations requiring greater instrument sensitivity. Unfortunately, a common pitfall involves over-interpretation of the findings and must be avoided.

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“…The majority of ketamine abusers are likely teens and young working adults [5]. Since the misuse of this drug has been reported in many countries worldwide, its determination in hair samples is offered as a specialist test by hundreds of laboratories, using different analytical techniques [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Hair analysis currently represents a reliable and well-established means of clinical and forensic investigation, insomuch as it is regularly requested to evaluate drug exposure, to portray drug abuse history and/or withdrawal control, to perform workplace drug testing, driving re-licensing and post-mortem investigations, to ascertain drug-facilitated crimes, and occasional or prenatal exposure to drugs [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%