Determination of Iron: Electrochemical Methods

Lu, Minghui; Rees, Neil V.; Kabakaev, Alex S.; Compton, Richard G.

doi:10.1002/elan.201200268

Cited by 52 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Conversely, Fe(III) forms strong complexes and is thermodynamically stable in water albeit of low solubility [1]. The concentration of soluble iron in natural water is significantly different than those in river water (1 mmol L À1 ), coastal water (1 nmol L À1 ), and ocean water (10 pmol L À1 ) [2]. However, iron concentration can be higher in sediment pore waters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical determination of iron in coastal waters based on ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide supported gold nanodendrites

Pan

Lin

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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A B S T R A C TAn effective and sensitive method for electrochemical determination of iron was reported, based on the ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide (IL-rGO) supported gold nanodendrites (AuNDs). IL-rGO as a soft support could provide large specific surface area for AuNDs and make them smaller sizes and unique forms, which would benefit to the electrochemical reduction of iron. Nafion is employed as a cation exchange polymer in which IL-rGO and AuNDs can be tightly attached to the electrode surface. The proposed sandwich structured IL-rGO/AuNDs/Nafion modified electrode shows excellent electrochemical properties. The IL-rGO/AuNDs/Nafion modified electrode combined individual advantages as a whole and showed good responses for iron ions. Under the optimized conditions, the reduction peak currents of iron have a good linear relation with its concentrations ranging from 0.30 to 100 mmol L À1 with the detection limit of 35 nmol L À1 . More importantly, this sandwich structured modified electrode had a good anti-interference ability and successfully applied in the determination of the total dissolved iron in coastal waters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical determination of iron in coastal waters based on ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide supported gold nanodendrites

Pan

Lin

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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“…Besides, it is responsible for hemoglobin synthesis, oxygen transport, and mitochondrial electron transfer because of its presence in the active site of the molecules [3]. The concentration of soluble iron in natural water is significantly different than those in river water (1 μM), coastal water (1 nM), and ocean water (10 pM) [4]. Moreover, iron plays an important role in aquatic biogeochemistry and can limit phytoplankton productivity like other nutrients such as phosphate, silicate, and nitrate in some certain ocean areas [5], which may have a close connection to the global carbon cycle [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric determination of total dissolved iron in coastal waters using a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, Methylene Blue and gold nanoparticles

et al. 2014

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A nanocomposite, prepared from reduced graphene oxide (rGO), Methylene Blue (MB) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode for the determination of total dissolved iron by differential pulse voltammetry. The use of rGO warrants a larger electrode surface and the presence of more active sites, while electron transfer is accelerated by incorporating AuNPs. MB acts as an electron mediator, as an anchor for the AuNPs (which were grown in situ), and also prevents the aggregation of rGO. The modified electrode displayed a remarkably improved sensitivity and selectivity for Fe(III). The kinetics of the electrode reaction is adsorption-controlled, and the reversible process involves one proton and one electron. The response to Fe(III) is linear in the 0.3 to 100 μM concentration range, and the detection limit is 15 nM. Possible interferences by other ions were studied. The electrode was successfully applied to the determination of total dissolved iron in real coastal waters.

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“…In electroanalysis, differentiation between two or even more oxidation states has been in focus mainly in the case of (1) arsenic (As III and As V , 48 occasionally also As ÀIII (53) ), (2) chromium (Cr III and Cr VI in chromates), 54 and in lesser extend also (3) mercury (Hg 2 2+ and Hg II (55) ) and some other metallic elements like (57) or (6) vanadium (V III , V IV , and V V (58) ). After basic studies on the speciation of arsenic by polarography with the DME (see, e.g., references (52,59)), recent methods are based on more efficient electrochemical stripping analysis with gold electrodes, 42,48 either in the disc configuration 29 or as the gold-film-plated carbon electrode support.…”

Section: Differentiation Of the Valence/oxidation Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalysis and Chemical Speciation

Navrátilová

Švancara

2014

Environmental Analysis by Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

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The greatest concern for speciation of the elements relates to their impact on biological systems depending on their physical and chemical form, 1,2 occurrence, behaviour, and actual circulation in the environment (see scheme in Fig. 7.1; and reference (3)), toxicological profile, 4-7 and bioactivity and bioavailability. [5][6][7] In terms of the official terminology and IUPAC recommendation, 8 speciation analysis can be defined as a tool to find and identify the individual forms for a given element and to determine their concentration level in the sample, both with a goal to define the actual distribution of the respective species.For instance, in the case of metal ions, speciation analysis classifies three basic forms: Electrochemical MeasurementsIn combination with electrochemical principles, speciation has a long tradition and at least since the last third of the twentieth century 9-15 this special area skilfully utilises the ability of electroanalysis to indicate the changes in chemical equilibrium and redox state of various substances, which allows-together with determinations of their total content-the identification and quantification of the individual forms and their actual distribution-a problematic deal for many other instrumental techniques. In this respect, specialised teams have elaborated to a remarkable extent mainly the electrochemistry of natural aquatic systems, covering for two decades the dominant part of chemical speciation in environmental electroanalysis (see, e.g., references (15, 16)).Concerning the most convenient electrochemical techniques for speciation analysis, there is (equilibrium) potentiometry and, mainly, stripping techniques with the effective pre-concentration step for accumulating many species at a high concentration level. Potentiometry with Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs 17 )This is the traditional technique for indication of the changes in chemical equilibrium and requires zero-current conditions. This may be advantageous with respect to the high selectivity achieved; however, common potentiometric measurements are not sufficiently sensitive to be used for monitoring at the trace concentration This technique coupled with differential-pulse or square-wave potential ramp (DPASV and SWASV) is able to detect extremely low concentration levels (down to 1 Â 10 -11 mol/L À1 ), when still distinguishing the labile and non-labile fractions of the corresponding metal(s). Electrochemical deposition within the stripping procedure enables to accumulate onto the electrode the labile forms of metal(s) under controlled-usually, constant-potential, when the effectiveness of such depositions is strongly dependent upon the type of electrode and the composition of supporting/background electrolytes (type of major components, pH, ionic strength, the presence of complex-forming anions or other ligands). Stripping (Chrono)potentiometryStripping (chrono)potentiometry in its two common variants, potentiometric stripping analysis (with chemical oxidation, PSA 21,23 ) and constant current stripp...

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Determination of Iron: Electrochemical Methods

Cited by 52 publications

References 106 publications

Electrochemical determination of iron in coastal waters based on ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide supported gold nanodendrites

Electrochemical determination of iron in coastal waters based on ionic liquid-reduced graphene oxide supported gold nanodendrites

Voltammetric determination of total dissolved iron in coastal waters using a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, Methylene Blue and gold nanoparticles

Electroanalysis and Chemical Speciation

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