Determination of human urinary metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) by online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS

Nehring, Alexandra; Bury, Daniel; Kling, Hans-Willi; Weiß, Tobias; Brüning, Thomas; Koch, Holger M.

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.019

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Alternatively, this finding could reflect the generally higher concentrations of chemicals in foods with meat. Overall, our detection of plasticizers in foods from U.S. chains is consistent with recent biomonitoring studies that have detected urinary metabolites of DEHA, DEHT, and DINCH in various study populations and report that DEHT exposure is increasing in the general population over time [4,17,18,32].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In the past twenty years, the European Union and U.S. have restricted the use of several ortho-phthalates, including DEHP and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), in commercial products. As a result, plasticizers such as di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), and dioctyl terephthalate (also known as di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate) (DEHT) have emerged as replacement plasticizers in PVC materials [3,4]. Despite the name, DEHT is structurally distinct from orthophthalates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Edwards

McCray

VanNoy

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background Fast food consumption is associated with biomarkers of ortho-phthalates exposures. However, the chemical content of fast food is unknown; certain ortho-phthalates (i.e., di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) have been phased out and replaced with other plasticizers (e.g., dioctyl terephthalate (DEHT)). Objective We conducted a preliminary study to examine ortho-phthalate and replacement plasticizer concentrations in foods and food handling gloves from U.S. fast food restaurants. Methods We obtained hamburgers, fries, chicken nuggets, chicken burritos, cheese pizza (n = 64 food samples) and gloves (n = 3) from restaurants and analyzed them for 11 chemicals using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results We found DEHT at the highest concentrations in both foods (n = 19; median = 2510 µg/kg; max = 12,400 µg/kg) and gloves (n = 3; range: 28–37% by weight). We detected DnBP and DEHP in 81% and 70% of food samples, respectively. Median DEHT concentrations were significantly higher in burritos than hamburgers (6000 µg/kg vs. 2200 µg/kg; p < 0.0001); DEHT was not detected in fries. Cheese pizza had the lowest levels of most chemicals. Significance To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of DEHT in food. Our preliminary findings suggest that ortho-phthalates remain ubiquitous and replacement plasticizers may be abundant in fast food meals. Impact statement A selection of popular fast food items sampled in this study contain detectable levels of replacement plasticizers and concerning ortho-phthalates. In addition, food handling gloves contain replacement plasticizers, which may be a source of food contamination. These results, if confirmed, may inform individual and regulatory exposure reduction strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Edwards

McCray

VanNoy

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Similarly, limitations have been put on the percentage of DEHP additive in PVC used in children’s products and medical devices to 0.1% by mass of plasticized material [ 18 ]. Due to these stringent regulations on phthalate use and the increased awareness of phthalate toxicity, the demand for a replacement for phthalate plasticizers with non-phthalate alternate compounds, such as diisononyl hexahydrophthalate (DINCH), DEHA acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), etc., has amplified rapidly in the past few years [ 19 , 20 ]. According to a very recent report, the global estimate of the non-phthalate plasticizer market in the year 2021 was USD 3.1 billion and the market size is projected to rise to USD 3.9 billion by the year 2025 [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Emerging Non-Phthalate Alternate Plasticizers against Thyroid Hormone Receptor: A Structural Perspective

Zughaibi

Sheikh

Beg

2022

Toxics

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Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have a ubiquitous presence in our environment due to anthropogenic activity. These EDCs can disrupt hormone signaling in the human and animal body systems including the very important hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis causing adverse health effects. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are hormones of the HPT axis which are essential for regulation of metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, growth, development, etc. In this study, potential endocrine-disrupting activity of the most common phthalate plasticizer, DEHP, and emerging non-phthalate alternate plasticizers, DINCH, ATBC, and DEHA against thyroid hormone receptor (TRα) were characterized. The structural binding characterization of indicated ligands was performed against the TRα ligand binding site employing Schrodinger’s induced fit docking (IFD) approach. The molecular simulations of interactions of the ligands against the residues lining a TRα binding pocket, including bonding interactions, binding energy, docking score, and IFD score were analyzed. In addition, the structural binding characterization of TRα native ligand, T3, was also done for comparative analysis. The results revealed that all ligands were placed stably in the TRα ligand-binding pocket. The binding energy values were highest for DINCH, followed by ATBC, and were higher than the values estimated for TRα native ligand, T3, whereas the values for DEHA and DEHP were similar and comparable to that of T3. This study suggested that all the indicated plasticizers have the potential for thyroid hormone disruption with two alternate plasticizers, DINCH and ATBC, exhibiting higher potential for thyroid dysfunction compared to DEHA and DEHP.

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“…Indeed, a very recent pharmacokinetic study reported mean urinary excretion rates of three oxidized metabolites in humans between 0.05 % and 0.20 % [ 33 ]. Among them, mono-5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl adipate seems to be the most suitable biomarker of exposure to DEHA in HBM, which was confirmed by the pilot HBM study [ 77 ]. Another recent study reported high detection frequency of mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) adipate [ 78 ].…”

Section: Identification Of Potential Wbe Biomarkers Of Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 85%

Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to personal care and household products – A review of biomarkers, analytical methods, and applications

Senta

Rodríguez-Mozaz

Corominas

et al. 2020

Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry

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Humans are nowadays exposed to numerous chemicals in our day-to-day life, including parabens, UV filters, phosphorous flame retardants/plasticizers, bisphenols, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, which can have different adverse effects to human health. Estimating human’s exposure to these potentially harmful substances is, therefore, of paramount importance. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is the existing approach to assess exposure to environmental contaminants, which relies on the analysis of specific human biomarkers (parent compounds and/or their metabolic products) in biological matrices from individuals. The main drawback is its implementation, which involves complex cohort studies. A novel approach, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), involves estimating exposure from the analysis of biomarkers in sewage (a pooled urine and feces sample of an entire population). One of the key challenges of WBE is the selection of biomarkers which are specific to human metabolism, excreted in sufficient amounts, and stable in sewage. So far, literature data on potential biomarkers for estimating exposure to these chemicals are scattered over numerous pharmacokinetic and HBM studies. Hence, this review provides a list of potential biomarkers of exposure to more than 30 widely used chemicals and report on their urinary excretion rates. Furthermore, the potential and challenges of WBE in this particular field is discussed through the review of pioneer WBE studies, which for the first time explored applicability of this novel approach to assess human exposure to environmental contaminants. In the future, WBE could be potentially applied as an “early warning system”, which could promptly identify communities with the highest exposure to environmental contaminants.

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Determination of human urinary metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) by online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Phthalate and novel plasticizer concentrations in food items from U.S. fast food chains: a preliminary analysis

Insights into the Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Emerging Non-Phthalate Alternate Plasticizers against Thyroid Hormone Receptor: A Structural Perspective

Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to personal care and household products – A review of biomarkers, analytical methods, and applications

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