Despite many advances in antenatal care, twin pregnancies still experience more adverse outcomes, in particular higher perinatal mortality and morbidity. They also pose a multitude of challenges and controversies as outlined in this paper. Moreover, they are less likely to be included in clinical trials. Many issues on classification and management remain under debate. Efforts on standardising diagnostic criteria, monitoring protocols, management and outcome reporting are likely to reduce their perinatal risks. The top 10 most important research uncertainties related to multiple pregnancies have been identified by both clinicians and patients. More robust research in the form of randomised trials and large well-conducted prospective cohort studies are needed to address these controversies.