“…A central issue for the transport properties of fractured porous media concerns the notion of the formation factor [68] introduced by Sundberg [69] and coined by Archie [70]. Conceptually, the formation factor accounts for the medium porosity (φ), the transport streamline constriction, and the tortuosity of transmission paths as follows F = τ 2 /(φδ), where the relative tortuosity of transmission paths τ accounts for the transmission paths lengthening, the network constrictivity factor δ accounts the variations in the streamline cross-section over the flow domain, while φ restricts the area available for the mass transfer [71]. The path tortuosity is defined as the ratio between the actual path length to the shortest distance between the beginning and the end.…”