Determination of genetic and epigenetic effects of glyphosate on Triticum aestivum with RAPD and CRED-RA techniques

Abstract

In this study, the most commonly used herbicide, glyphosate, was investigated for its genotoxic effects on the genome of Triticum aestivum. Five different concentrations of the herbicide were used, and alterations to DNA were measured quantitatively based on their RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) profiles. The genomic template stability (GTS%) at each concentration was evaluated, and a decrease was observed with increasing glyphosate concentration. Thus the highest concentration was concluded to be the most effective for causing alteration to DNA. Additionally, the coupled restriction enzyme digestion-random amplification (CRED-RA) technique was used to determine an epigenetic mechanism, e.g. DNA methylation. The polymorphic percentages of all concentration were calculated after herbicide applications. When in glyphosate doses compared with control group, all applications of glyphosate observed to consist of methylation. The methylation levels range from 28.3 to 73.9 % (DNA hypermethylation). In conclusion, based on the RAPD and CRED-RA results, glyphosate causes DNA alterations and methylation.

Re-registration Challenges of Glyphosate in the European Union

“…The evolution of resistance was shown to occur due to gene amplification (Chen et al, 2017;Dolatabadian et al, 2017;Fernandez-Escalada et al, 2017;Han et al, 2017;Jugulam and Gill, 2018). Epigenetic alterations through increased levels of DNA and histone methylation were identified in response to exposure to glyphosate (Nardemir et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2017;Margaritopoulou et al, 2018;Markus et al, 2018). The results suggest that epigenetic pathways may influence the regulation of genes important for herbicide detoxification (Markus et al, 2018).…”

“…In vivo toxicity has been reported for a wide range of organisms of various phylogeny and with diverse symptoms . Glyphosate and even more its commercial formulations were indicated to induce DNA damage (micronucleus formation) in a wide range of animal species by numerous studies and a meta-analysis (Ghisi et al, 2016), moreover, the active ingredient was found to be genotoxic also in plants (Nardemir et al, 2015) and to induce oxidative stress and catalase activity in submerged macrophytes (Zhong et al, 2018). It has also been shown to serve as a source of phosphorous for algae at low concentrations (Klátyik et al, 2017b;Wang et al, 2017), and therefore, to potentially induce algal bloom (Drzyzga and Lipok, 2017).…”

On glyphosate

“…The paper republished a year later (Seralini et al, 2014). Recently, glyphosate was shown to induce birth defects in rats (Guerrero Schimpf et al, 2016) and was suggested (without experimental evidence) to produce DNA and epigenetic effects (Nardemir et al, 2015), and to act as the analogue of the amino acid glycine to replace it in diverse proteins (Samsel and Seneff, 2016). In contrast, glyphosate and its AMPA metabolite were found to inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of cancer cells (but not normal ones), leading to a suggestion that they may be lead molecules to new anticancer therapies (Li et al, 2013).…”

Ocorrência e importância da resistência a herbicidas causada por incremento de metabolização para o manejo de plantas daninhas

“…Herb., v.15, n.1, p.26-38, jan./mar. 2016 (Nardemir et al, 2015). Preliminary studies in A. thaliana indicated that herbicides imazethapyr, glyphosate and 2,4-D did not induce alterations on global DNA methylation (Markus, non-published data).…”