Determination of gas phase triacetone triperoxide with aspiration ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Räsänen, Riikka-Marjaana; Nousiainen, Marjaana; Peräkorpi, Kaleva; Sillanpää, Mika; Polari, Lauri; Anttalainen, Osmo; Utriainen, Mikko

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.076

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Therefore, TGA wasn ot adequate to determine the release of 1.H eadspace GC-MS analysis was employedt om onitor and quantify the TATP release. By GC-MS only as ingle compound was detected in the gas phaseo ver the saturated ionic liquid with ar etention timeo f1 0.36 min.T his peak has fragment ions at m/z 58 [C 3 A lthough the moleculari on (m/z = 222) could not be detected, the fragmentation is characteristic for 1 [14].T GA and GC-MS imply that the analyte formulationb ased on 9 releases exclusively 1 and water.N oo ther substance or degradation product could be detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Reference Material and Safe Sampling of Terrorists Peroxide Explosives by a Non‐Volatile Matrix

Lubczyk

Hahma

Brutschy

et al. 2015

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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[a] 1IntroductionThe increasing threat of worldwide terrorism results in ag rowing necessity of security protocols for public transport, buildings, or major events [ 1].E specially aircrafts,r ailway systems, large vessels, administrational buildings, and military bases face as ignificant threat [2].M ostly,t he exact details of an incident do not reach public knowledge, but it is known that often improvised explosive devicesw ith peroxide-based explosives were involved [3].T he most prominent compounds among these substances are triacetone triperoxide (TATP) (1)a nd hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) (2) ( Figure 1).Both compounds are primary explosives and very sensitive to impact,f riction, and electrostatic discharge. Due to the bettere xplosivep ower of TATP (1)[ 4] and the higher sensitivity of HMTD (2)t of riction [5], 1 would be more favorable as an explosivel oading. However,d ue to its high sensitivity and volatility, 1 has no application in commercial or military contexts [6].I nt he field of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) these drawbacksa re compensated byi ts facile large-scale preparation from common household chemicals [ 5].T he most widely knowni ncidents with TATP and/or HMTD aret he 2001 shoe bomber (TATP) [3],t he 2005 terrorist attacks in London (TATP) [7] and the 2010 Escondido,C Ai ncident (HMTD) [8].Facing these challenges, the development and improvement of novel detection systemsf or such compounds is accelerating [ 9].C alibration and evaluation of existing detection systemsi sa ne merging field [10].H owever,t he precautionsn eededf or the handling of 1 as purec ompound are high, sincet he material is highlyh azardous and sudden explosions are possible, especially when handled by nonexperts. Since inm ost countries commercial production and transportation of 1 is illicit, it is very costly to train and control TATP detection devices with pure and authentic samples. Therefore, an eed for ar eferencem aterial, which allows safe handling exists [10].As ample with an authentic compound has al ong list of requirements:T he material must be appropriate to produce traces for sensor systems basedo nw iping-sampling and air-sampling with an adequate amounto fa nalyte. Secondly,t he matrix should not interfere with the measurements, dry out or altert he chemical compositiono ft he authentic compound. Moreover,f or as afe handling and transportationt he sample must be chemicallys table as well as resistant towards shock, friction, electrostatic discharge, and heat.Currently, there are different TATP samples reported. To our best knowledge, two of them are availableo nt he market:(1) As olution of 1 (0.1 mg mL À1)i na cetonitrile from AccuStandard,I nc.,N ew Haven,U SA, which is au sefuls tandard for GC analytical techniques. Abstract:H ighly sensitive peroxide based explosives can be dissolvedi ni onic liquids for as afe handling. These solutions are easy to use and may be applied as powerful odor sources for analytical testinga nd trainingp urposes. Moreover,t he stabilizing effec...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature program was chosen analogous to Räsänen et al (see Supporting Information) [14]. For the headspace analysis aG Cv ial (volume:1 .9 mL) was filled with 0.14 go ft he saturated ionic liquid and kept for 24 ha t2 0 8C.…”

Section: Head Space Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Reference Material and Safe Sampling of Terrorists Peroxide Explosives by a Non‐Volatile Matrix

Lubczyk

Hahma

Brutschy

et al. 2015

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The resolution of ion mobilities can be modified by adjusting the strength of the electric field for electrode strip pairs. Dynamic sampling and screening for TATP by AIMS have been demonstrated: in quantitative analysis the determined concentrations were proportional to IMS intensities (Räsänen et al, 2008). The detection principle and a hand-held aspiration type IMS detector are presented in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.…”

Section: Aspiration Imsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

Mäkinen

Nousiainen

Sillanpää

2011

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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146

102

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In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.

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“…For static extractions, the PSPME devices were suspended over the solid TATP sample at the opening of the jar. Various sampling times (10 s, 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min) and temperatures (20,25, and 40°C) were tested in triplicates to determine the minimum amount of time required for the detection of TATP using the PSPME devices. For dynamic extractions, the PSPME device was inserted into a nozzle of a handheld vacuum sampler (Barringer) in order to allow the air sample to flow through the PSPME device at a rate of 0.17 L s −1 .…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, very few of these techniques can fully accomplish two important detection requirements: fast on-site analysis with unambiguous identification and low limits of detection from post-explosion debris with high selectivity. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is another robust tool for the detection of TATP [6,[19][20][21][22] and has been used by law enforcement and homeland security in airports, government buildings, and at border crossings to detect explosives for several decades due to the characteristics of fast detection, high sensitivity, ease of use, and on-site analysis, making this detection system attractive over other techniques [23]. However, IMS has not been widely exploited for the detection of TATP, and limited research has been published due to the lack of efficient sampling methods that can be coupled to this instrument.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from headspace using planar solid-phase microextraction (PSPME) coupled to an IMS detector

et al. 2012

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Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a high explosive synthesized from easily available reactants making it accessible for illicit uses. In this study, fast detection of TATP is achieved using a novel planar solid-phase microextraction (PSPME) as a preconcentration and sampling device for headspace analysis offering improved sensitivity and reduced sampling time over the conventional fiber-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) when followed by ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) detection. Quantitation and comparison of the retention capabilities of PSPME as compared to the commercially available SPME were determined using TATP standards and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for SPME analysis and a commercial IMS with no instrumental modification for PSPME. Static and dynamic headspace extractions were used and compared for PSPME extractions, in which low milligram quantities of TATP were detected within 30 s of static mode sampling and less than 5 s in the dynamic mode sampling for PSPME-IMS.

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Determination of gas phase triacetone triperoxide with aspiration ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 66 publications

References 22 publications

A New Reference Material and Safe Sampling of Terrorists Peroxide Explosives by a Non‐Volatile Matrix

A New Reference Material and Safe Sampling of Terrorists Peroxide Explosives by a Non‐Volatile Matrix

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

Fast detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from headspace using planar solid-phase microextraction (PSPME) coupled to an IMS detector

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