Determination of fundamental mechanical properties of biomass using the cubical triaxial tester to model biomass flow

Yi, Hojae; Lanning, Christopher J; Slosson, James C.; Wamsley, Matt J.; Puri, Virendra M.; Dooley, James H

doi:10.1080/17597269.2022.2037816

Cited by 2 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The properties determined with the Forest Concepts biomass Cubical Triaxial Tester (fcCTT) (Forest Concepts Analytics Model CTT250-A01-100, Forest Concepts, LLC, Auburn, WA) are free of die-wall effects owing to flexible pressure application and sample holding membranes. Yi et al (Yi et al, 2022) suggest that the bulk mechanical properties of biomass determined with the fcCTT represent truer material properties than available from cylindrical triaxial tester or a shear cell. Further, the stress application and measurement of corresponding strain are maintained in the principal axes, which makes the calibration of material parameters of constitutive models unambiguous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the determination of mechanical properties with minimal confounding effect, a triaxial tester is desired (Janssen and Verwijs, 2007;Yi et al, 2022). A conventional triaxial tester employs a cylindrical test specimen, allowing independent stress directions and modes of deformation in only two directions (Desai and Siriwardane, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A conventional triaxial tester employs a cylindrical test specimen, allowing independent stress directions and modes of deformation in only two directions (Desai and Siriwardane, 1984). Yi et al (Yi et al, 2022) reports an improved truly cubical triaxial tester (CTT) with a sample size appropriate for milled biomass, i.e., biomass scale CTT. Yi et al (Yi et al, 2022) also demonstrate that such a fundamental characterization device and protocol allows for the application of stress and the measurement of corresponding strain in principal directions with minimal interferences of the device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yi et al (Yi et al, 2022) reports an improved truly cubical triaxial tester (CTT) with a sample size appropriate for milled biomass, i.e., biomass scale CTT. Yi et al (Yi et al, 2022) also demonstrate that such a fundamental characterization device and protocol allows for the application of stress and the measurement of corresponding strain in principal directions with minimal interferences of the device. The properties determined with the Forest Concepts biomass Cubical Triaxial Tester (fcCTT) (Forest Concepts Analytics Model CTT250-A01-100, Forest Concepts, LLC, Auburn, WA) are free of die-wall effects owing to flexible pressure application and sample holding membranes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finite element modeling of biomass hopper flow

Lanning

Dooley

et al. 2023

Front. Energy Res.

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Hoppers are widely used biomass handling devices that channel bulk biomass from storage to subsequent handling equipment. Jenike’s longstanding approach, based on the Mohr-Coulomb model, has been successfully used to design hoppers handling cohesionless granular materials such as grains and other agricultural produces. However, designing a hopper to ensure reliable biomass flow is found to be challenging due to cohesion, irregular particle shape, and bulk material elastoplasticity. This study aims to address the biomass handling engineering challenge with alternative constitutive material models concerning the flow behavior of bulk solids. Finite element modeling is an approach that allows for implementation of different material models, whose underlying constitutive theories assist in investigating the origin and manifestation of bulk mechanical behavior of granular materials. This study focuses on the incipient gravity hopper flow of two types of biomass feedstocks, i.e., ground corn stover and Douglas fir wood. Three widely used constitutive material models, i.e., Mohr-Coulomb model, modified Cam-Clay model, and Drucker-Prager/Cap model, are implemented. Using the flow pattern represented by the volume of biomass exhibiting more than 7% of axial strain (Kamath and Puri, 1999), the finite element model predicts that the bulk corn stover particulate material forms an arch, which represents a hampered transition from the static state to the dynamic flow-state out of the hopper, whereas bulk Douglas fir wood particulate material develops a reliable mass flow pattern. A laboratory scale hopper was used to experimentally determine the biomass flow conditions, which were subsequently compared with the predicted onset of flow by a finite element model (FEM). The developed FEM was found to correctly predict the initiation of mass flow for the milled Douglas fir wood, whereas corn stover was predicted to establish a strong core flow suggesting an unreliable handling characteristic. This observation aligns with the reported poor handling of milled corn stover.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finite element modeling of biomass hopper flow

Lanning

Dooley

et al. 2023

Front. Energy Res.

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“…Material handling issues such as particle segregation, surging flow, and jamming in hoppers, feeders, or conveyors often result in severe economical disadvantages and safety concerns. − Addressing these processing failures demands an in-depth understanding of milled biomass material flowability, efficient flow prediction tools, and renovations of equipment design . Efforts have been made to probe the complex flow behavior of various biomass materials ,− and to explore their flow and jamming physics in handling equipment. ,− However, equipment design and operation taking woody biomass flow behaviors (e.g., flow pattern, flow rate) into consideration are still needed. For example, hoppers constitute the most widely used material handling equipment and their design still relies on the early work of Jenike and colleagues in the 1960s. ,, Use of hoppers with an outdated design in biorefineries often results in arching and jamming, , indicating the need for a modified design guide that incorporates state-of-the-art knowledge on biomass flow behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wedge-Shaped Hopper Design for Milled Woody Biomass Flow

Jin

Saha

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The bioenergy industry has been challenged by unstable flow and transport of milled biomass in material handling operations. Handling issues such as hopper clogging and auger jamming are attributed to knowledge gaps between existing handling units designed for bulk solids and their suitability for milled biomass with high compressibility. This work investigates various flow behaviors of granular woody biomass in wedge-shaped hoppers. Hopper flow physical experiments and numerical simulations are conducted to study the influence of the critical material attributes and critical processing parameters on the flow pattern, arching, and throughput. The results show that (1) the preferred flow pattern, mass flow, can be achieved by controlling the material's internal friction angle, hopper inclination, and hopper wall friction; (2) hopper arching, governed by the competing gravity-driven force against flow resistance from material internal friction and material− wall friction, can be controlled by the hopper wall friction angle and the inclination angle; and (3) flow throughput can be accurately estimated from our empirical equation with inputs of hopper outlet geometry and particle-scale to bulk-scale material attributes. This study elucidates woody biomass flow physics and provides guidance for industrial equipment design.

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Determination of fundamental mechanical properties of biomass using the cubical triaxial tester to model biomass flow

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Finite element modeling of biomass hopper flow

Finite element modeling of biomass hopper flow

Wedge-Shaped Hopper Design for Milled Woody Biomass Flow

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