Determination of fluoroquinolones in milk, honey and water samples by salting out-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent combined with MECC

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

“…Currently, studies on the synthesis and application of HDESs for the extraction of a great variety of analytes from food matrices have expanded rapidly, which has led to an increase in the number of articles published in recent years. As can be seen in Table 2, several HDESs have been used for the extraction of both organic (phthalic acid esters [18,96,99], dyes [97,104,110,117], PAHs [17,85], sterols [98], pesticides [100,105,112,122,124,126,127], herbicides [102], insecticides [125], preservatives [101], pigments [86], antibiotics [87,103,108,114], fluorescent whitening agents [106], vitamins [107], mycotoxins [16], bisphenols [115], perfluoroalkyl substances [120] and terpenes [121]) and inorganic compounds (Co, Cd, Ni, As, V and Pb [109,111,113,116,118,119,123]) from aqueous phases (water [96,113,118,124], soft drinks…”

“…In those cases, in which the matrix is more complex, more laborious procedures previous to the extraction of the compounds of interest are needed. For example, in the case of milk or yogurt, a deproteinization is usually carried out with ACN [114], although (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 [108] has also been employed. When it comes to solid samples such as dried fruits, cereals, onion, parsley or even dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese, etc.…”

“…Instead, the DLLME procedure has been assisted in different ways, including the vortex-assisted DLLME [86,97,99,100,104,106], ultrasound-assisted DLLME [16,85,87,101,113,116,123,124], air-assisted [109] and microwave-assisted DLLME [128]. However, other versions have also been used, such as DLLME based on the solidification of the floating organic drop (SFO) [18,115,122,126]; salting out-DLLME-back extraction or salt induced-homogenous liquid-liquid extraction-DLLME, in which a salt is added (e.g., NaCl, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 or NH 4 Cl) to reduce the solubility of the analytes in water and to increase their distribution coefficients in the organic phase [108,114]; effervescence-assisted DLLME in which an effervescent reaction between a proton donor solvent (acetic acid, which has been previously mixed with HDES in a 3:1 (v/v) ratio) and an effervescent agent (sodium bicarbonate) is produced generating carbon dioxide that facilitates the dispersion of the extraction solvent (HDES, see Figure 2) [117]; or even the combination of DLLME with a previous extraction and clean-up stage, such as the QuEChERS method, in which the extracted supernatant was used as a dispersant in the following DLLME for further purification and preconcentration [112]. Another interesting modification of the LPME technique is the use of the above-mentioned ferrofluid as an extraction solvent [17,120].…”

“…Regarding the final determination of the analytes, different separation and detection techniques have been applied, being LC, both HPLC [17,18,86,87,[96][97][98][99]101,103,104,107,110,112,114,124,125] and UHPLC [115,120], the most extensively used, although some applications of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [108] and GC [85,100,102,105,121,122,126,127] can also be found mainly for non-ionic HDESs, which are characterized by a higher volatility. These separation techniques have been coupled to different detection systems, including UV [18,87,96,97,99,103,107,110,112,124,125], DAD [86,104,114], variable wavelength detectors [98], FD [17,101], MS …”

First- Derivative Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Cow Milk Using Rotating Sorptive Extraction

“…The precise and sensitive determination of the fluoroquinolone residue is now more than a necessity, because the widespread administration of these drugs can lead to the development of resistant human pathogens 5 . At present, the determination of EFX and CFX has been carried out for various types of samples such as egg 6 , chicken tissue 7 , honey and milk 8 . Given the complexity of some matrices, sample preparation alternatives such as solid phase extraction (SPE) 9 , magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) 10 , dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) 11 have been proposed.…”