“…Experimentally, x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, the strain gage method, Sach's boring, and step drilling 5,11–13,15 have been proposed to quantify the residual stress. However, due to these experimental techniques' limitations such as limited strain sensitivity and resolution, surface condition of the workpiece, x-ray penetration limit, etc., the finite element method (FEM) based computational approach 16,17 has become increasingly popular to investigate residual stress patterns for the hole cold expansion process. In addition, FE simulations also offer cost-effective exploration of the SSCE process design and optimization.…”