Determination of erbium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a pyrolytic graphite coated graphite tube and a pyrolytic graphite coated graphite tube lined with tantalum foil, held in place by a tungsten spiral

Yizai, Ma; Bai, Jing; Di-Jun, Sun

doi:10.1039/ja9920700035

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Lining of tubes with metal foils like tantalum has been efficient to prevent or reduce e.g. the formation of analyte cyanides or carbides [54][55][56]. Tubes have also been impregnated with carbide forming elements like zirconium and tungsten [57][58][59] to suppress analyte carbide or analyte oxide formation such as volatile GeO 2 [59].…”

Section: Graphite Impregnated or Coated With Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in atomizers for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Frech

1996

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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This review first describes general requirements to be met for suitable base materials used to produce electrothermal atomizers (ETAs). In this connection the physical and chemical properties of adequate types of graphite and metals are discussed. Further, various atomizer designs, their temperature dynamics during atomization and general performance characteristics are critically reviewed. For end-heated Massmann-type atomizers, discussions are focused on recent developments of, e.g., contoured tubes to achieve improved temperature homogeneity over the tube length, second surface atomizers to realize temporally isothermal atomization and tubes with graphite filters to reduce interference effects. The state-of-the-art of platform equipped, side-heated atomizers with integrated contacting bridges are characterized mainly with respect to heating dynamics, as well as susceptibility to interference- and memory effects. In contrast to end-heated ETAs, the tube ends of side-heated ETAs are freely located in the furnace compartment and, as a consequence of this configuration, convective gas flows can easily appear. The magnitude and effect of these flows on analytical performance are discussed and measures are suggested, permitting operation under diffusion controlled conditions. A critical comparison of classical constant temperature atomizers with state-of-the-art platform equipped ETAs is made and from this it is concluded that future ETA developments are likely to involve only minor modifications aiming at, e.g., the reduction of cycling times or the improvement of tube surface properties.

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