Determination of drugs of abuse in water by solid-phase extraction, derivatisation and gas chromatography–ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry

González-Mariño, Iria; Quintana, José Benito; Rodrı́guez, I.; Cela, R.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.046

Cited by 132 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In fact, these compounds, like many other contaminants of emerging concern have been shown to be resistant to physicochemical and biological treatment at WWTPs and are therefore continuously introduced into the aquatic environment (Boleda et al, 2009;Bolong et al, 2009;Chiaia et al, 2008;Huerta-Fontela et al, 2008;Pal et al, 2013;Postigo et al, 2010;Valcárcel et al, 2012;Yargeau et al, 2013;Zuccato et al, 2008). These compounds have also been detected in surface waters in many countries (Boleda et al, 2011;Gonzalez-Marino et al, 2010;Martínez Bueno et al, 2011;Terzic et al, 2010;Valcárcel et al, 2012) and since illicit drugs have psychoactive properties, their presence in the aquatic environment raises concern (Huerta-Fontela et al, 2012). In addition, the potential for adverse effects exists due to the presence of these and other compounds as complex mixtures in the environment and multi-generational exposure of aquatic organisms (Kantiani et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozonation of wastewater: Removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse

Rodayan

Segura

Yargeau

2014

Science of The Total Environment

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• The ozonation of six drugs of abuse and one human drug metabolite was carried out.• Drug removals vary between 3 and 50% for the ozone doses tested.• The main transformation products of the drugs of abuse were identified.• The most plausible structure of a transformation product of MDMA was elucidated. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o In this study amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ketamine (KET) and oxycodone (OXY) in wastewater at concentrations of 100 μgL −1 were subjected to ozone to determine their removals as a function of ozone dose and to identify significant oxidation transformation products (OTPs) produced as a result of ozonation. A method based on high resolution mass spectrometry and differential analysis was used to facilitate and accelerate the identification and structural elucidation of the transformation products. The drug removal ranged from 3 to 50% depending on the complexity of the matrix and whether a mixture or individual drugs were ozonated. Both transient and persistent oxidation transformation products were identified for MDMA, COC and OXY and their chemical formulae were determined. Three possible structures of the persistent transformation product of MDMA (OTP-213) with chemical formula C 10 H 16 O 4 N, were determined based on MS n mass spectra and the most plausible structure (OTP-213a) was determined based on the chemistry of ozone. These results indicate that ozone is capable of removing drugs of abuse from wastewater to varying extents and that persistent transformation products are produced as a result of treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozonation of wastewater: Removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse

Rodayan

Segura

Yargeau

2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Research performed in many European and non-European countries shows that the content of psychotropic drugs and their metabolites in the waters of different origins is large and has a close relationship with their intake [116][117][118][119][120][121]. It was also found that the removal of psychotropic compounds in the wastewater treatment process is incomplete.…”

Section: Illicit Drugsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Research trends on emerging environment pollutants – a review

Rykowska

Wasiak

2015

Open Chemistry

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Concern for the natural environment increasingly devotes more attention to growing potential hazards resulting from the release of various substances. Currently, one of the main problems associated with environmental pollution is the derivation of organic compounds from wastewater. Substances derived from sewage leaks into the environment in the form of a multicomponent mixtures often enhances the toxic effects caused by these compounds. While analyzing the reports in the literature of the last two decades it can be seen that substantial efforts are devoted to the determination of selected trace contaminants present in wastewater. Among the most marked there are endocrine disrupting compounds, residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, plastics and sunscreens. Recently, a new group of compounds joined the aforementioned contaminants, namely drugs, whose legality and availability is increasing every year. Exposure to these type of compounds, named in the literature as emerging contaminants (ECs), involves, among others, such effects as hormonal imbalance, reduction of the survivability of aquatic organisms and reproductive problems.This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the natural environment in many countries all around the world.

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“…The 576 d-stored SPE samples were spiked with internal standard after storage and, thus, represent the absolute losses observed over the course of the study. Absolute losses of <20% for all compounds on SPE after 576 d of storage are within the realm of variability encountered with analysis of samples in environmental matrices [4,28]; however, spiking isotope dilution standards prior to storage is still recommended.…”

Section: Laboratory-spiked Spementioning

confidence: 99%

“…No study has published information regarding the long-term storage stability of PPCPs and agrochemicals on POCIS. The data that do exist pertain mostly to the SPE sample storage of illicit drugs, with the exception of a small number of pharmaceuticals and pesticides [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Ferrer and Barceló [26] found that a group of four pesticides (desethylatrazine, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, and fonofos) were stable on non-C 18 polymeric SPE cartridges kept at -208C for one month; however, some losses were noticed when cartridges were kept at 48C and at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ferrer and Barceló [26] found that a group of four pesticides (desethylatrazine, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, and fonofos) were stable on non-C 18 polymeric SPE cartridges kept at -208C for one month; however, some losses were noticed when cartridges were kept at 48C and at room temperature. Other studies show increased stability on SPE cartridges kept between 4 and -208C, with storage stability times ranging from several weeks for fluoroquinolone antibiotics [33] to two to three months (depending on the original water matrix) for nonionic surfactants and linear alklybenzene sulfonates [29] to longer than three months for a suite of illicit drugs [25,28]. Considering the expanding use of passive samplers such as POCIS for monitoring not only PPCPs and agrochemicals but also other contaminants, such as perfluorinated compounds [34], understanding the storage stability of these compounds on POCIS is an important data gap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stability of pharmaceuticals and other polar organic compounds stored on polar organic chemical integrative samplers and solid‐phase extraction cartridges

Carlson

Challis

Hanson

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The stability of 24 chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and some agrochemicals on extraction media was evaluated by preloading them onto Oasis hydrophilic lipophilic balanced solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) followed by storage at -208C over time. After 20 months, the average loss was 11% on POCIS, with only 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and gemfibrozil showing a statistically significant decline compared with initial concentrations. Losses on SPE cartridges were below 19%, with an average loss of 9%. In addition to laboratory spiked samples, multiple POCIS deployed in wastewater-impacted surface waters and SPE extracts of these waters were stored in their original coextracted matrix for nearly two years with minimal observed losses. Errors from typical sampling, handling, and concentration estimates from POCIS sampling rates were typically AE 15 to 30% relative standard deviation, so observed storage losses are minimal for most POCIS applications. While losses during storage on SPE cartridges for 20 months were small but statistically significant for many compounds, addition of labeled internal standards prior to freezing should correct for such losses. Thus, storage of processed water samples for analysis of polar organic pollutants is viable for archival purposes or studies for which samples cannot be analyzed in the short term. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:337-344. # 2012 SETAC

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Determination of drugs of abuse in water by solid-phase extraction, derivatisation and gas chromatography–ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 132 publications

References 25 publications

Ozonation of wastewater: Removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse

Ozonation of wastewater: Removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse

Research trends on emerging environment pollutants – a review

Stability of pharmaceuticals and other polar organic compounds stored on polar organic chemical integrative samplers and solid‐phase extraction cartridges

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