Determination of diuron and the antifouling paint biocide Irgarol 1051 in Dutch marinas and coastal waters

Distribution and Potential Effects of Novel Antifouling Herbicide Diuron on Coral Reefs

“…The level of contamination of diuron in the waters around the Ryukyu Archipelago is not as high in comparison to western Japan and other bodies of water around the world. For example, concentrations of up to 3,050 ng L -1 were detected in the Seto Inland Sea, (Okamura et al, 2003); 42,000 ng L -1 in lagoon water in Italy (Gennaro et al, 1995); 768 ng L -1 in the marina UK, (Boxall et al, 2000); 6,742 ng L -1 estuaries UK, (Thomas et al, 2001), 2,000 ng L -1 in Mediterranean coast, Spain, (Martinez et al, 2000), and 1,130 ng L -1 in Marinas Netherlands, (Lamoree et al, 2002). However, the maximum level detected in this study has exceeded the permitted maximum levels of 430 ng L -1 as set by the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (Giacomazzi and Cochet, 2004).…”

“…Diuron has been detected in marine environments from various regions such as western Japan (Okamura et al, 2003), the UK (Boxall et al, 2000), Spain (Ferrer and Barcelo, 1999;Martinez et al, 2000), The Nertherlands (Lamoree et al, 2002), and Sweden (Dahl and Blanck, 1996). Diuron can undergo abiotic degradation such as hydrolysis, photodegradation, as well as biotic degradation (Giacomazzi and Cochet, 2004).…”

Fate of Irgarol 1051, diuron and their main metabolites in two UK marine systems after restrictions in antifouling paints

“…2a), probably because of the higher boating activity during these months (Biselli et al, 2000;Lamoree et al, 2002). During autumn and winter months the from the scrubbing and re-application of antifouling paints so that the vessels were ready for the new boating season (Bowman et al, 2003).…”

Characterization of Diuron N-Demethylation by Mammalian Hepatic Microsomes and cDNA-Expressed Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

“…Because of its extremely slow breakdown in water, diuron is highly persistent in the environment (Madhum and Freed, 1987). Its wide use in agriculture leads to pollution of the freshwaters by soil leaching, and it has been detected in marinas and coastal areas in the United Kingdom (Thomas et al, 2001), Germany (Lamoree et al, 2002), and Japan (Okamura et al, 2003). The European Water Framework Directive includes diuron as a priority substance that represents a significant risk to or through the European aquatic environment (European Commission, 2001).…”