“…Continuous Cu-ER is the principal method for producing >70% of high (or 99.97-99.99%) pure copper cathodes from impure (or 97-99% pure) blister, pyro-/fire refined and/or scrap copper cast anodes [4,6,21,28,30,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]59]. Since there is a high demand for pure electrorefined copper, in addition to the newer cell designs to operate at high current densities [21,29,40,[44][45][46][47] and electrolyte additives (thioureas, glue/PEG, gelatin, avitone, polyacrylamide, organosulfonates, chloride, Cu(I), As(III), etc) are used in added to the acidic electrolyte to control the chemical and physical properties of copper electreodes i.e., prevent contamination nodulation of cathodes and anode passivation [4,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61].…”