Determination of corrosion inhibitor/lubricity enhancer additives in jet fuels by size-exclusion chromatography

Black, Bruce H.; Wechter, Margaret A.; Hardy, Dennis R.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90383-2

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Extraction Procedure. The extraction of acidic components in each sample was carried out by a modified method for jet fuels described by Black et al and Hardy et al The steps for this extraction are depicted in Figure . All fuels samples were extracted according to the procedure outlined in Figure .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between the Base Extractable Species Found in Middle Distillate Fuel and Lubricity

2003

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The compositional changes a diesel fuel undergoes during hydrotreating were investigated, specifically in relation to the changes in natural lubricity components. A unique set of six diesel fuels from the United States, England, Israel, and Spain were hydrotreated to four different levels of sulfur and aromatic content. Three different ASTM methods were used to determine the lubricity of these samples. These tests showed that the lubricity of the fuels was severely impacted by the hydrotreating process. A chemical test was developed that employed a base extraction followed by GC analysis that positively correlated with the ASTM tests. Additionally, GC/MS was employed to determine the major classes of compounds that are responsible for a fuel's inherent lubricity. The samples were aged at ambient conditions for two years as well as undergoing accelerated aging experiments. There appears to be a fuel dependent relationship between aging and compositional changes that affords a fuel its lubricity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between the Base Extractable Species Found in Middle Distillate Fuel and Lubricity

2003

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“…The extraction of acidic components in each sample was carried out by a modified method for jet fuels described by Black et al (Black et al, 1988 andHardy et al, 1986). The steps for this extraction are depicted in Figure 1.…”

Section: Extraction Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Base Extraction to Remove the Components Contributing to Lubricity in a Middle Distillate Fuel

Hughes¹,

Mushrush

Hardy

2002

Petroleum Science and Technology

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With increased environmental demands for cleaner burning fuels, the use of severe hydrotreating has become commonplace in many of the world's refineries. In order to reduce sulfur and aromatic levels, this hydrotreating has brought about the removal of surface-active species that afford a fuel its inherent lubricity. The result is excessive wear of engine component parts that rely of this lubricity. For over 10 years, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has been working on establishing methods to adequately assess

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“…Several methods exist for removing polar constituents from fuels prior to analysis, including those based on liquid−liquid extraction using a basic solution (NaOH in methanol/water) ,, and others based on adsorption mechanisms (HPLC fractionation). , The basic extraction method relies on the ability of the proton from the acid groups or slightly acidic phenolic species to be removed, thus creating a charged species that becomes more soluble in the aqueous extractant solution. Upon extraction, the method involves reacidifying the species to allow it to be back-extracted with methylene chloride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon extraction, the method involves reacidifying the species to allow it to be back-extracted with methylene chloride. While the presence of methanol has been shown to enhance the efficiency of extraction, ,, the basic extraction method has shortcomings because of the difficulty in completely recovering certain oxygenates, particularly hindered phenols.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction, Separation, and Identification of Polar Oxygen Species in Jet Fuel

et al. 2005

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Polar species in jet fuel, such as phenols, may be responsible for a number of performance characteristics of the fuel. However, because they are present at trace levels in fuels, the isolation and detection of these species is difficult. This work describes the development of a simple extraction method using methanol to remove polar phenolic components from petroleum-derived fuels. The method uses the affinity for polar components in the fuel, such as phenols, to partition into methanol, facilitating their removal by typical liquid-liquid extraction protocols. The method is amenable to large fuel sample volumes, thus minimizing limitations encountered with trace oxygenate concentrations, and has proven to be efficient for the removal of many oxygen-containing compounds, including alcohols, carboxylic acids, and phenols from fuel matrixes. The method has been successfully applied to a variety of phenols and appears to be less susceptible to the environment around the -OH group than other extraction methods. Moderate amounts of alkanes and aromatics are also removed using this extraction method, which may present problems when using certain detection schemes. An adsorption technique based on HPLC with a silica column was developed to further separate the extract into one fraction containing alkanes and aromatics and another fraction containing polar species including phenols. The effectiveness of the methanol extraction and HPLC fractionation method was illustrated by data from spiking studies, which show the removal of oxygenates, even hindered phenols, from spiked solvents, from spiked fuels, and from spiked petroleum-derived fuels (JP-8). The method was used to isolate and identify several phenolic species in petroleum-derived jet fuels.

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Determination of corrosion inhibitor/lubricity enhancer additives in jet fuels by size-exclusion chromatography

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

The Relationship between the Base Extractable Species Found in Middle Distillate Fuel and Lubricity

The Relationship between the Base Extractable Species Found in Middle Distillate Fuel and Lubricity

Base Extraction to Remove the Components Contributing to Lubricity in a Middle Distillate Fuel

Extraction, Separation, and Identification of Polar Oxygen Species in Jet Fuel

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