Determination of contamination pathways of phthalates in food products sold on the Belgian market

Holderbeke, Mirja Van; Geerts, Lieve; Vanermen, Guido; Servaes, Kelly; Sioen, Isabelle; Henauw, Stefaan De; Fierens, Tine

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.012

Cited by 51 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These observations indicate that the phthalate contaminations of the analysed beers result predominantly from the production process. Similar observations (Fierens et al 2012b(Fierens et al , 2012c(Fierens et al , 2013Van Holderbeke et al 2014). In order to investigate if environmental contamination may play a role in the phthalate contaminations of the beers, it should have been known if all breweries have different suppliers for their raw materials, but this information was not available.…”

Section: Analysis Of Beer Samplesmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…A lot of research (Suciu et al 2013;Erythropel et al 2014;Mousavi Khaneghah et al 2014) has focussed on the food contact materials with regard to phthalate contamination as it has long been thought of as being the main source of contamination. Recent research, however, has shown that the unprocessed starting ingredients and the food processing can be equally important if not more important (Fierens et al 2012b(Fierens et al , 2013Van Holderbeke et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Quantification of Six Phthalates and One Adipate in Luxembourgish Beer Using HS-SPME-GC/MS

2016

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A simple, low-cost and sensitive method for the determination of six phthalate acid esters (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dioctyl phthalate) and one adipate (bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate) in beer has been developed using head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). SPME conditions were optimised, and optimum extraction parameters were found to be 95°C at 100 min, without addition of NaCl. Matrix interference was avoided by using a deuterated internal standard (ISTD). Limits of detection ranged from 0.006 to 0.590 μg/L. The method showed good linearity with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.963 to 0.999 and satisfactory accuracy (74-101 %) and repeatability (3.56-27.86 %) values. The method was applied to 15 samples of beer from Luxembourgish breweries, stored in different containers (can, glass and aluminium bottle), and phthalates were detected in all samples with concentrations as high as 61.56 μg/L for total phthalates. The exact origins of phthalates in beer were difficult to determine from the data in this study, though the brewing and bottling process seems to be a major contributor.

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Section: Analysis Of Beer Samplesmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantification of Six Phthalates and One Adipate in Luxembourgish Beer Using HS-SPME-GC/MS

2016

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“…The contribution of the packaging material on phthalate contamination in bread was further explored by comparing absolute contents of phthalates in bread samples with absolute phthalate levels measured in the respective paper bags. Results indicated that DBP most likely migrated from the packaging into bread, while the bag could not be the most important contamination source of BBP and DEHP in these bread samples (Van Holderbeke et al., ). By examining the concentration‐depth profile of phthalates in apple, bread, cheese and salami, the authors concluded that food preparation (i.e.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update of the risk assessment of di‐butylphthalate (DBP), butyl‐benzyl‐phthalate (BBP), bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di‐isononylphthalate (DINP) and di‐isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials

Silano¹,

Baviera²,

Bolognesi³

et al. 2019

EFS2

111

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The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP Panel) was asked by the European Commission to update its 2005 risk assessments of di-butylphthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl-phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and diisodecylphthalate (DIDP), which are authorised for use in plastic food contact material (FCM). Dietary exposure estimates (mean and high (P95)) were obtained by combining literature occurrence data with consumption data from the EFSA Comprehensive Database. The highest exposure was found for DINP, ranging from 0.2 to 4.3 and from 0.4 to 7.0 lg/kg body weight (bw) per day for mean and high consumers, respectively. There was not enough information to draw conclusions on how much migration from plastic FCM contributes to dietary exposure to phthalates. The review of the toxicological data focused mainly on reproductive effects. The CEP Panel derived the same critical effects and individual tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) (mg/kg bw per day) as in 2005 for all the phthalates, i.e. reproductive effects for DBP (0.01), BBP (0.5), DEHP (0.05), and liver effects for DINP and DIDP (0.15 each). Based on a plausible common mechanism (i.e. reduction in fetal testosterone) underlying the reproductive effects of DEHP, DBP and BBP, the Panel considered it appropriate to establish a group-TDI for these phthalates, taking DEHP as index compound as a basis for introducing relative potency factors. The Panel noted that DINP also affected fetal testosterone levels at doses around threefold higher than liver effects and therefore considered it conservative to include it within the group-TDI which was established to be 50 lg/kg bw per day, expressed as DEHP equivalents. The aggregated dietary exposure for DBP, BBP, DEHP and DINP was estimated to be 0.9-7.2 and 1.6-11.7 lg/kg bw per day for mean and high consumers, respectively, thus contributing up to 23% of the group-TDI in the worst-case scenario. For DIDP, not included in the group-TDI, dietary exposure was estimated to be always below 0.1 lg/kg bw per day and therefore far below the TDI of 150 lg/kg bw per day. This assessment covers European consumers of any age, including the most sensitive groups. Based on the limited scope of the mandate and the uncertainties identified, the Panel considered that the current assessment of the five phthalates, individually and collectively, should be on a temporary basis. ):5838 related chronic hepatic and renal effects in rats was identified. An uncertainty factor of 100 was applied for deriving the TDI of 0.15 mg/kg bw per day for DINP.-For DIDP, a NOAEL of 15 mg DIDP/kg bw per day for liver effects in dogs wasidentified. An uncertainty factor of 100 was applied for deriving the TDI of 0.15 mg/kg bw per day for DIDP. 1 ECHA (2017a) used a factor of 3 (total UF 300) for the extrapolation from LOAEL to NAEL.The CEP Panel considers that the effect on the liver is still the most sensitive endpoint for these two phthalates. However, the possibility to establish HBGVs for re...

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“…Recently, many studies have reported analysis of phthalates in milk or other food samples (Casajuana and Lacorte, 2004;Carrillo et al, 2007;Cao, 2008;Guo et al, 2012;Hsieh et al, 2013;Jia et al, 2014;Van Holderbeke et al, 2014). In general, techniques such as extraction with solvents and solid phase extraction are used to clean up and concentrate the milk samples before analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of free and total phthalates in commercial whole milk products in different packaging materials by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Lin

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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We developed a method for extraction and determination of free and total phthalate esters in commercial whole milk products. The free phthalates in milk samples were extracted with ethyl acetate after general pretreatment procedures including protein precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration. The bound phthalates in samples were first desorbed with the aid of ultrasound irradiation before extraction of total phthalates. The separation and determination of phthalates in extracts was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection. The detection limits were in the range of 0.09 to 0.36ng/g and the average recovery between 79.1 and 110.3%. The developed methods were applied to extract and determine phthalates in commercial whole milk products with different packaging materials, including plastic, glass, and metal. All samples contained several phthalates, including diethyl, diisobutyl, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates at concentrations between 2.60 and 156.4ng/g. The identified phthalates occurred in both free and bound forms. The amounts of phthalates in milk samples packaged in glass and metal containers were much lower than those in plastic containers. Plastic packaging materials are a possible source of phthalate contamination in commercial whole milk products, and a considerable portion of bleached phthalates from packaging can be adsorbed on proteins and other solid components of milk.

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Determination of contamination pathways of phthalates in food products sold on the Belgian market

Cited by 51 publications

References 21 publications

Quantification of Six Phthalates and One Adipate in Luxembourgish Beer Using HS-SPME-GC/MS

Quantification of Six Phthalates and One Adipate in Luxembourgish Beer Using HS-SPME-GC/MS

Update of the risk assessment of di‐butylphthalate (DBP), butyl‐benzyl‐phthalate (BBP), bis(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di‐isononylphthalate (DINP) and di‐isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials

Determination of free and total phthalates in commercial whole milk products in different packaging materials by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

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