Determination of commonly used azole antifungals in various waters and sewage sludge using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Profile and behavior of antiviral drugs in aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta, China

“…Recovery test was performed according to the procedure described elsewhere (Huang et al, 2010). The absolute recoveries ranged from 42% to 77% for the analytes except for ribavirin.…”

Distribution, behavior and fate of azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment plants in China

“…The analytical details were provided previously (Huang et al, 2010). Briefly, wastewater samples were filtered with prebaked 0.7-μm glass fiber filters (GF/F, Whatman, Maidstone, England) (Behera et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2010).…”

“…Briefly, wastewater samples were filtered with prebaked 0.7-μm glass fiber filters (GF/F, Whatman, Maidstone, England) (Behera et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2010). The filtrate and suspended particulate matter retained on GF/F were analyzed separately.…”

“…Clotrimazole was found to interfere with aromatase activity in gonads and brain of larvae of Xenopus tropicalis (Gyllenhammar et al, 2009). Some azole compounds, e.g., clotrimazole and ketoconazole, are quite persistent and are likely to partition into solid environmental matrices (Huang et al, 2010;Lindberg et al, 2010;Kahle et al, 2008;Thomas and Hilton, 2004). Solid matrices, e.g., sediment and soil, may subsequently become secondary sources of contamination of azole substances in the environment.…”

Occurrence and ecological potential of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in groundwater and reservoirs in the vicinity of municipal landfills in China

“…Trace amounts of clotrimazole and miconazole were detected in the procedural blanks and were appropriately subtracted from the reported concentrations of the samples. Detailed information about the QA/QC procedure was provided elsewhere (Huang et al, 2010;Tang et al, 2009;Yu et al, 2011).…”