Determination of cholesterol by flow injection analysis with immobilized cholesterol oxidase

Application of Flow-Injection Spectrophotometry to Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses

“…Since the first work of exploring the coupling of a microwave oven and a flow system, several systems have been developed and applied to a wide variety of samples, for instance, water, effluents, plants, food and minerals, along with biological fluids and tissues. The analysis of biological fluids is of great importance since it allows the diagnosis of various diseases, nutritional, and metabolic research, therapeutic monitoring involving the biological action of some metals, such as calcium, magnesium, iron, cobalt, zinc, and manganese, and the detection of some drugs (including cocaine and marijuana) [48,49].…”

Kinetic Flow-injection Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide by Use of Iron(III)-catalyzed Coloration and Its Application to the Determination of Biological Substances

“…[24][25][26] After being cleaned with 5% nitric acid and water, and dried at 95˚C, the CPG was then silanized with 5 g of 10% (3-aminopropyl)triethylsilane in 45 ml of acetate buffer solution (pH 3.75) at 75˚C for 2.5 h. The silanized CPG was rinsed with water and dried at 95˚C to allow storage. A portion (5 g) of 2.5% glutaraldehyde was added to 1 g of the silanized CPG.…”

“…Especially, FI procedures including immobilized enzyme reactors, which lead to the generation of hydrogen peroxide, have provided attractive methods for specific determinations of clinically interesting substances, such as glucose, cholesterol and glutamic acid. 5,16,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Although these methods could determine micro-or submicromolar levels of hydrogen peroxide or biological substances, they suffer from disadvantages due to the use of unstable and/or expensive reagents and of complicated equipment.…”

Unsegmented flow systems as interfaces between samples and electrochemical detectors

“…Thus, dialysis units are frequently coupled on-line with these catalytic reactors when the sample to be assayed is a biological fluid. A configuration similar to that shown in Figure 6A was used for the enzymatic determination of urea in blood with an ammonia-selective electrode [441; for the amperometric determination of glucose, also in blood [45,461 and for that of galactose, lactose and dihydroxyacetone in urine, milk, and fermenter broths [471. Also, the selectivity and lifetime of ISEs can be improved by coupling a dialyzer to a continuous system.…”