Determination of chloroform concentration and human exposure assessment in the swimming pool

Dehghani, Mansooreh; Shahsavani, Samaneh; Mohammadpour, Amin; Jafarian, Arian; Arjmand, Sara; Rasekhi, Mohammad Amin; Dehghani, Samaneh; Zaravar, Foroozandeh; Derakhshan, Zahra; Ferrante, Margherita; Conti, Gea Oliveri

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111883

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, female swimmers had signi cantly higher lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk than male swimmers. This was in line with the studies conducted by Dehghani et al and Peng et al(Dehghani et al 2022, Peng et al 2020). The higher health risk of THMs in female swimmers compared to male swimmers may be owing to the less pro cient in swimming, which lead to tense state and fast breathe.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China

Liu,

Shao,

Sun

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Trihalomethanes (THMs) generated in chlorinated pools have raised great concerns for potential genotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic features. The present study aimed to assess multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China. Methods Six representative indoor swimming pools located in west, central and east of Shenzhen were selected, with waters at 30 cm below and air at 1.2 m above water surface sampled. Headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector (HSGC-ECD) was used to measure water THMs, and thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) was adopted to measure air THMs. Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA was performed to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs. Results The median THMs in pool waters was 48.69 µg/L (IQR: 36.81–65.72), and 45.69 µg/m3 (IQR: 24.61–112.50) for ambient air, both with chloroform (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) as predominant components. The daily THMs intake was 1.40E-02 µg/kg.d (range: 6.72E-03–3.96E-02), with estimated lifetime cancer risk 9.39E-07 (range: 3.59E-07–3.05E-06) and non-cancer risk 1.26E-03 (range: 6.21E-04–3.58E-03). Inhalation was major exposure route, accounting for 70.5% of total THMs intaking. Female swimmers had significantly higher cancer risk (P = 0.028) and non-cancer risk (P = 0.028) than male swimmers. Conclusions The estimated lifetime cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was below the USEPA‘s regulatory threshold of 1.0E-06, and non-cancer risk was less than the unacceptable level of 1.0. The lifetime cancer- and non-cancer risk was acceptable for THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China.

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China

Liu,

Shao,

Sun

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Human exposure to UVFs through ingestion and dermal pathways has been evaluated by following the US EPA SWIMODEL exposure assessment model (Li et al, 2020b;Dehghani et al, 2022). Accordingly, the calculation formulas are given in Eqs 2, 3, while the exposure parameters and their values used for risk assessment are listed in Table 2 and Supplementary Tables S6, S7.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since UVFs concentrations are not uniformly distributed across the lake, a probabilistic approach to human exposure is expected to provide a more realistic assessment than a point estimate (Astuti et al, 2022;Dehghani et al, 2022). Given that the exposure parameters also have their distributions, individual risks and cumulative risk will also follow some distributions.…”

Section: Monte Carlo Simulation and Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk assessment studies have shown an increased ecological risk due to UVFs in recreational locations and that it depends on the intensity of application of sunscreen products (Teo et al, 2015). Keeping in mind that the concentrations of different UVFs in waters are different and each UVF has a different distribution, the probabilistic approach to risk assessment in swimming water has recently become irreplaceable (Astuti et al, 2022;Dehghani et al, 2022). Compared to the deterministic one, this approach gives a complete picture of the risk estimate, considering that individual UVFs concentrations differ temporarily and spatially (Tsui et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemometric Optimization of Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Ultraviolet Filters in an Urban Recreational Lake

Lukić¹,

Radulović²,

Lučić³

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Solid-phase extraction (SPE) of eleven ultraviolet filters (UVFs): benzophenone-1 (BP-1); benzophenone-3 (BP-3); benzophenone-4 (BP-4); isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IAMC), homosalate (HMS); 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-HB); 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC); octocrylene (OC); octyl dimethyl-p-aminobenzoate (OD-PABA); 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC); and avobenzone (AVO), has been optimized using Plackett-Burman design, Box-Behnken design, and Derrindzer desirability function. Of the six SPE variables studied, the most influencing is the type of eluent followed by pH and the methanol content in the rinsing solvent. A method with good analytical performance was obtained by applying optimal SPE conditions and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with the method detection limit ranging from 0.1 to 5 ng/L, recovery from 44% to 99%, and relative standard deviation (RSD) within 19%. This method was used to analyze the content of UVFs in an urban lake (Sava Lake, Serbia). UVFs occurrence, geostatistical distribution, and associated environmental risk are highly dependent on recreational activities. The average concentrations of UVFs ranged from 0.3 to 113 ng/L, and the most present substance was EHMC, followed by 4-MBC and BP-3. The spatial distribution of the risk quotient (RQ = 0.04–1.7) inside the lake is highly correlated with the number of people bathing and swimming. Human exposure through the dermal pathway is higher than ingestion for most UVFs. Monte Carlo simulation of probabilistic risk assessment estimated the percentile P10, P50, P90 of 12.7; 17.3; 47.5 and 20.1; 27.6; 77.5 ng/kg∙day for total human exposure of adults and children, respectively. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the health risk estimate depends mostly on the content of EHMC, HMS, and 4-MBC, while the most influential exposure variables were human body weight and skin surface area. There is no serious concern to human health due to UVFs in the short term; however, a high ecological risk in some parts of the lake is estimated.

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Associations between atmospheric PM2.5 exposure and carcinogenic health risks: Surveillance data from the year of lowest recorded levels in Beijing, China

Liu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Environmental Pollution

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Determination of chloroform concentration and human exposure assessment in the swimming pool

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China

Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China

Chemometric Optimization of Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Ultraviolet Filters in an Urban Recreational Lake

Associations between atmospheric PM2.5 exposure and carcinogenic health risks: Surveillance data from the year of lowest recorded levels in Beijing, China

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