Determination of chlorinated phenols and cresols in human urine using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography

Veningerová, M.; Prachar, V.; Uhnák, J.; Lukacsová, M.; Trnovec, T.

doi:10.1016/0378-4347(94)80075-8

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Chlorinated phenols, such as 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, have been classified as priority pollutants [2]. They are toxic, and possess carcinogenic (hepatocellular tumors, leukemia) and immunosuppressive properties [3,4]. Their toxicity appears related to a dechlorination mechanism in tissue that leads to enzyme deactivation and liver dystrophy [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Boron-doped, hydrogen-terminated, polycrystalline diamond thin-film is an advanced sp 3 carbon electrode material that has recently attracted interest for electroanalytical measurements [23 -32]. Important for the present work is the fact that the planar diamond thin-film electrode has been shown to function well for the oxidative detection of chlorinated phenols [25,26] The electrode, both the microcrystalline and nanocrystalline types, provided good response sensitivity, reproducibility and stability for five different chlorinated phenols [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Analysis of Chlorinated Phenol Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Direct and Indirect Amperometric Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrode

2005

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Analysis of aqueous solutions containing chlorinated phenol pollutants was accomplished by capillary electrophoresis with direct and indirect amperometric detection using a boron-doped diamond microelectrode. The microelectrode was prepared by (i) coating a thin film of boron-doped polycrystalline diamond on a sharpened platinum wire (76-mm diameter) and (ii) sealing the coated wire in a polypropylene pipet tip. The diamond microelectrode, used in endcolumn detection, exhibited a low and stable background current with low peak-to-peak noise and good electrochemical activity for the pollutants without any conventional pretreatment. The electrode performance was evaluated in terms of the linear dynamic range, sensitivity, limit of quantitation, and response precision for the detection of several priority pollutants (2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol). The diamond microelectrode gave good detection figures of merit for these contaminants in the direct amperometric mode with no evidence of any electrode fouling. As an example, the concentration limit of quantitation for 2-chlorophenol was 100 nM or 13 ppb (S/N ¼ 3) and the relative standard deviation of the peak height for 9 injections was 4.7 AE 0.5% (est. 1.1 nL inj.). The separation efficiency was greater than 100 000 plates/m for all seven solutes. The microelectrode was also employed for the indirect detection of the chlorinated phenols. In this approach, which is useful for detecting electroinactive solutes, ferrocene carboxylic acid was added to the run buffer as the electrophore. Good detection figures of merit were also achieved for the separation and detection of 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol in this mode, although the linear dynamic range was not as wide and the limit of quantitation was not as low as in direct amperometry. For example, the concentration limit of quantitation for these pollutants was in the mid micromolar range (1 -10 ppm) with excellent response reproducibility of 3.2 AE 0.8%, or less.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Analysis of Chlorinated Phenol Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Direct and Indirect Amperometric Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrode

2005

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“…8 Gas chromatography is precise, particularly when used with an internal standard. 13 The present paper discusses a simple method for the determination of both phenol and p-cresol in human urine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Determination of Benzene Metabolites Phenol and p-Cresol in the Urine of Petrol Station Workers by Gas Chromatography

Khoschsorur¹,

Petek²

2000

ANAL. SCI.

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“…However, due to its hazardous properties, causing dermatitis, systemic effects, dyspnea, allergic response, suspected carcinogenicity, and environmental persistence [3,4], its use is now prohibited in most countries. At present, the wood industry uses mainly 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) instead of PCP, a lipophilic, persistent compound used as a flame retardant and to preserve wood [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of pentachlorophenol and tribromophenol in sawdust by ultrasound‐assisted extraction and MEKC

Mardones

Baer

Hidalgo

et al. 2008

J of Separation Science

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An ultrasonic bar-assisted extraction and CE separation procedure for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) residues in sawdust was developed and applied. For this purpose, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was used and compared with a GC/MS methodology. This methodology allowed the quantification of PCP and TBP in a concentration range of 2.5-12.0 mg/kg for TBP and 2.8-12.0 mg/kg for PCP. Different sample treatment processes were evaluated in order to extract these compounds from sawdust. Better results were obtained when the residues were extracted with ultrasound-assisted hexane, filtered, evaporated, dissolved in Na(2)CO(3), and injected into the CE equipment. The optimal option for GC/MS was extraction with Na(2)CO(3 )followed by a derivation using acetic anhydride and liquid-liquid extraction with hexane. This method allowed the quantification of TBP and PCP in sawdust in a concentration range of 0.19-12.00 mg/kg and 0.14-12.00 mg/kg, respectively. The CE method was compared with the GC/MS as reference method. The results were shown to be statistically similar by both methods for PCP as well as for TBP.

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Determination of chlorinated phenols and cresols in human urine using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

The Analysis of Chlorinated Phenol Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Direct and Indirect Amperometric Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrode

The Analysis of Chlorinated Phenol Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Direct and Indirect Amperometric Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrode

Rapid Determination of Benzene Metabolites Phenol and p-Cresol in the Urine of Petrol Station Workers by Gas Chromatography

Determination of pentachlorophenol and tribromophenol in sawdust by ultrasound‐assisted extraction and MEKC

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