Determination of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in Selected rice Grain Available in Malaysia

Abstract

This study aims to determine the levels of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel and lead) in imported and domestically produced rice grains sold in Malaysia market. A total of 10 brands of rice samples was purchased from the local market and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Good linearity was observed over the range studied with a correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9884-0.9999. The range values of the metals detected in rice grain samples were 0.67-0.8 mg/kg for cadmium, 2.14-7.0 mg/kg for copper, 1.85-2.68 mg/kg for nickel and 0.94-3.28 mg/kg for lead. The mean value of rice obtained were above the permitted level set by the Malaysia Food Act 1983 (Act 281) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) (2015). The Provisional Tolerance Weekly Intake (PTWI) calculated were also above the prescribed limit except for copper.

Determinations of Cadmium, Tin, Copper, Iron and Zinc in Food Samples by Electrothermal and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometries

“…The Cd results found in samples were higher than the results reported by Da Silva et al[18], but lower than the results reported by Abd Rashid et al[19]. range of Cu values detected in rice grain samples reported by Abd Rashid et al[19] (2.14 -7.0 mg/kg).Zinc concentrations in black tea samples were varied between 39.3 ± 1.2 and 58.6 ± 4.5 mg/kg (Mean value equaled to 48.1 ± 9.8 mg/kg). They were similar to the results reported by Podwika et al[1] (Zn concentration in all tea samples varied from 12.6 ± 0.2 to 45.5 ± 0.1 mg/kg), results reported by Srividhya et al[16] (25.39 ± 0.59 mg/kg for black teas), reported by Rene et al[22] (21.5-75.2 mg/kg), reported by Ashraf and Mian[15] (65.7 ± 31.3 mg/kg) and reported by Srividhya et al[16] The Zn contents in tea samples ranged from 23.47 mg/kg to 52.32 mg/kg with an average value of 39.55 mg/kg were reported by Binh et al[20].…”

“…The Cd concentrations in rice samples reported by Da Silva et al[18] were changed from 11.6 to 44.9 µg/kg with an average content of 30.1 µg/kg. The range of Cd values detected in rice grain samples were 0.67 -0.8 mg/kg[19]. The Cd results found in samples were higher than the results reported by Da Silva et al[18], but lower than the results reported by Abd Rashid et al[19].…”

“…The range of Cd values detected in rice grain samples were 0.67 -0.8 mg/kg[19]. The Cd results found in samples were higher than the results reported by Da Silva et al[18], but lower than the results reported by Abd Rashid et al[19]. range of Cu values detected in rice grain samples reported by Abd Rashid et al[19] (2.14 -7.0 mg/kg).Zinc concentrations in black tea samples were varied between 39.3 ± 1.2 and 58.6 ± 4.5 mg/kg (Mean value equaled to 48.1 ± 9.8 mg/kg).…”

Exposure to Toxic Metals from the Consumption of Rice in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. (c2022)

“…The Lebanese samples contained a high amount of Cd but was remarkably less than the level reported by a study conducted in Malaysia for local and imported rice (0.72 mg/kg) (Abd Rashid et al, 2019). However, in general, Cd levels in our Lebanese samples were higher than the ones reported in most studies assessing Cd content in rice.…”

“…Our result for Pb contamination was higher than the level of 0.039 mg/kg reported by Voica et al (2012) (Rabbani et al, 2015). In Malaysia, Abd Rashid et al (2019) presented an even higher Pb content of 2.19 mg/kg in a small sample of Malaysian, Thai and Pakistani white rice.…”