Determination of Causative Human Papillomavirus Type in Tissue Specimens of Common Warts Based on Estimated Viral Loads

Breznik, Vesna; Komloš, Kristina Fujs; Hošnjak, Lea; Luzar, Boštjan; Kavalar, Rajko; Miljković, Jovan; Poljak, Mario

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00004

Cited by 15 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…HPV135 infection has been demonstrated in four cases of common warts, at concentrations of five to 539 viral copies/10 4 cells that are much lower than previously suggested for viruses that are etiologically associated with the development of such lesions [ 35 , 38 ]. Interestingly, HPV135 has been detected in both skin warts undoubtedly caused by HPV179 and 184, respectively [ 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HPV179 was originally identified in a common wart of an immunocompromised patient and, based on the high viral load and absence of the most common etiological factors of common warts (HPV2, 27, 57) [ 35 ], it was characterized as its most probable causative agent [ 8 ]. Subsequently, seven additional HPV179-isolates, four from common warts (4/94; 4.2%) and single isolates from eyebrow hair follicles (1/100; 1.0%), cutaneous SCC (1/50; 2.0%), and BCC (1/51; 1.96%), were detected in our previous study [ 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The genetic diversity of human papillomavirus types from the species Gammapapillomavirus 15: HPV135, HPV146, and HPV179

Hošnjak

Kocjan

Pirš³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Objectives To determine the prevalence, viral load, tissue tropism, and genetic variability of novel human papillomavirus (HPV) type 179, which is etiologically associated with sporadic cases of common warts in immunocompromised patients, and phylogenetically related HPV types 135 and 146. Methods The representative collection of 850 HPV-associated clinical samples (oral/nasopharyngeal/anal, archival specimens of oral/oropharyngeal/conjunctival/cervical/skin cancer, benign lesions of the larynx/conjunctiva/skin, and eyebrows), obtained from immunocompetent individuals, was tested for the presence of HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 using type-specific real-time PCRs. To assess the genetic diversity of the HPVs investigated in the non-coding long control region (LCR), several highly sensitive nested PCR protocols were developed for each HPV type. The genetic diversity of HPV179 was additionally determined in 12 HPV179 isolates from different anatomical sites of an only immunocompromised patient included in the study. Results HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 were detected in 1.4, 2.0, and 1.5% of the samples tested, respectively, with no preference for cutaneous or mucosal epithelial cells. One (with five single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs), four (with one to six SNPs), and four (with one to eight SNPs) genetic variants of HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146, respectively, were identified among eligible samples. HPV179 isolates from the immunocompromised patient exhibited the identical LCR nucleotide sequence, suggesting that HPV179 can cause generalized HPV infections. Conclusions HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 have a mucocutaneous tissue tropism and are associated with sporadic infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Because the majority of mutations were found outside the major functional domains of the respective LCRs, we assume that HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 genetic variants pathogenically do not differ from their prototypes. In addition, no association was found between specific HPV179, HPV135, and HPV146 genetic variants and anatomical sites of infection and/or specific neoplasms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetic diversity of human papillomavirus types from the species Gammapapillomavirus 15: HPV135, HPV146, and HPV179

Hošnjak

Kocjan

Pirš³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Similarly, the MfuPV2 viral load in tissue sample of the benign penile lesion of a Japanese macaque was estimated at 10.37 viral DNA copies per single host cell, which is similar to the low-risk HPV6 viral load in samples of genital warts, with values ranging from 2 to 870 viral DNA copies per single human cell [56]. In addition, based on the estimates of viral load of cutaneous HPV types measured in common skin warts containing a single HPV type and a clear bimodal distribution of the viral loads, the cutoff value for the determination of the causative HPV type was previously set at one HPV DNA copy per single human cell [57]. The comparison of MfuPV1 and MfuPV2 viral loads to viral load data described previously for other Alpha-PV types in similar neoplastic lesions, and the detection of only MfuPV1 and MfuPV2 in the original neoplasms using PCR in a combination with broad-spectrum CODEHOP primers strongly suggest a mucosal tissue tropism of both novel PV types and their causative role in the development of these particular neoplasms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel Papillomaviruses Isolated from Oral and Anogenital Neoplasms of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)

Skubic

Hošnjak

Staheli³

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a diverse group of host species-specific DNA viruses, etiologically linked with various benign and malignant neoplasms of cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. Here, we describe the detection and characterization of the first two PVs naturally infecting Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), including the determination of their etiological association(s) with the development of original neoplasms. The molecular and phylogenetic analyses were performed on complete genome sequences of Macaca fuscata PV types 1 (MfuPV1) and 2 (MfuPV2), which were completely sequenced in samples of a malignant oral tumor and benign anogenital neoplasm of Japanese macaques, respectively. Subsequently, two type-specific quantitative real-time PCRs were developed to estimate viral loads of MfuPV1 and MfuPV2 and to evaluate their etiological roles. The in silico molecular analyses revealed that both viral genomes encode characteristic PV proteins with conserved functional domains and have a non-coding genomic region with regulatory sequences to regulate and complete the viral life cycle. However, additional experimental evidence is needed to finally confirm the presence and biological functionality of the molecular features of both novel PVs. While MfuPV1, together with PVs identified in other macaques, is classified into the Alphapapillomavirus (Alpha-PV) species 12, MfuPV2 is most likely a representative of the novel viral species within the Alpha-PV genus. Their relatively high viral loads suggest that both PVs are etiologically linked with the development of the original neoplasms.

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“…HPV1, HPV41) HPV types. 13,14 Studies in adults have shown that certain HPV types appear to be largely sitespecific for warts at mucosal or cutaneous sites. 15 In children, horizontal transmission allows that cutaneous HPV types, which typically cause extra-genital common warts, are transferred to the genital area, where they can cause AGW.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HPV4) or mu/nu (e.g. HPV1, HPV41) HPV types 13,14 . Studies in adults have shown that certain HPV types appear to be largely site‐specific for warts at mucosal or cutaneous sites 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Papillomavirus‐type distribution in anogenital lesions of prepubertal children

Braun

Silling

Schloer

et al. 2021

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Background In contrast to adults, only limited data are available on the human papillomavirus (HPV)-type spectrum in anogenital warts (AGW) of children.Objective This study aimed to evaluate the HPV-type spectrum in AGW of prepubertal children. Materials & methodsIn a retrospective German multicentre study, HPV genotyping was performed in AGW biopsies of 55 1-to 12-year-old children using HPV group-specific PCRs followed by hybridization with type-specific probes or sequence analysis.Results Human papillomavirus-DNA was found in 53 of the 55 AGW. In 58.5% (31/53) of the HPV-positive AGW, mucosal HPV types were detected. HPV6 (27/53, 50.9%) was the predominant type. 43.4% (23/53) of the lesions were induced by cutaneous HPV types (HPV2, HPV27, HPV57). Mucosal HPV types were significantly more common in children under 5 years of age than in children 5 years of age and older (22/25, 88.0% [95% CI: 70.0-95.8] vs. 9/28, 32.1% [95% CI: 17.9-50.7], P < 0.001). In contrast, cutaneous HPV types were significantly more prevalent in the 5-to 12-year age group (4/25,.1], P < 0.001). ConclusionAnogenital warts in 5-to 12-year-old children are frequently associated with cutaneous HPV types, possibly due to horizontal transmission. HPV typing, in addition to comprehensive clinical and psychosocial evaluation, can potentially help in the assessment of these cases.

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Determination of Causative Human Papillomavirus Type in Tissue Specimens of Common Warts Based on Estimated Viral Loads

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

The genetic diversity of human papillomavirus types from the species Gammapapillomavirus 15: HPV135, HPV146, and HPV179

The genetic diversity of human papillomavirus types from the species Gammapapillomavirus 15: HPV135, HPV146, and HPV179

Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel Papillomaviruses Isolated from Oral and Anogenital Neoplasms of Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)

Human Papillomavirus‐type distribution in anogenital lesions of prepubertal children

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