Background-We investigated whether catheter-based, intramyocardial transplantation of autologous endothelial progenitor cells can enhance neovascularization in myocardial ischemia. Methods and Results-Myocardial ischemia was induced by placement of an ameroid constrictor around swine left circumflex artery. Four weeks after constrictor placement, CD31ϩ mononuclear cells (MNCs) were freshly isolated from the peripheral blood of each animal. After overnight incubation of CD31ϩ MNCs in noncoated plates, nonadhesive cells (NA/CD31ϩ MNCs) were harvested as the endothelial progenitor cell-enriched fraction. Nonadhesive CD31Ϫ cells (NA/CD31Ϫ MNCs) were also prepared. Autologous transplantation of 10 7 NA/CD31ϩ MNCs, 10