Determination of carbosulfan and carbofuran residues in plants, soil, and water by gas chromatography

Leppert, Bruce C.; Markle, James C.; Helt, Robert C.; Fujie, Glenn H.

doi:10.1021/jf00116a009

Cited by 53 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The recoveries (>85%) of the test nematicides and their main toxic metabolites were similar to those reported previously (Leppert et al, 1983;Vig et al, 2001;Soler et al, 2007;Li et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Nematicidal efficacy, enhanced degradation and cross adaptation of carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos under tropical conditions

Meher

Gajbhiye

Singh

et al. 2010

Nematol

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Nematicides need to be applied in each cropping season but repetitive applications can reduce their persistence and efficacy due to the unpredictable phenomena of enhanced biotransformation and cross adaptation. Experiments were conducted to ascertain the number of times the nematicides carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos can be applied effectively in the field. Incubation studies checked their degradation rates and cross adaptation and bioassays assessed their efficacy against Meloidogyne incognita infecting Solanum lycopersicum. Monitoring nematode populations at the middle of seven consecutive tomato crops following nematicidal treatments at a recommendable rate of 1.0 kg a.s. ha −1 revealed a linear decrease in efficacy with successive seasons. The chemicals remained effective up to the fourth application when 53-62% reduction of M. incognita in soil was still achievable, which decreased significantly to 14-33% by the seventh application. The nematicides were more effective against endoparasitic (M. incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis) than ectoparasitic (Helicotylenchus dihystera, Hoplolaimus indicus and Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris) nematodes. Bioassays revealed 13-18% more invasions of second-stage juveniles of M. incognita into roots of tomato grown in soil pre-treated seven times with nematicide than in similar soil with no history of nematicide use; invasion and soil population were positively correlated. Root galling of field-grown tomato increased from the first to the seventh application. In bioassays, tomato root galling was greater in unsterilised field soil (1.4-2.1) than in similar soil/sterilised soil (1.0) compared with 2.4-2.9 in untreated control soil. The decrease in efficacy was attributable to accelerated microbial degradation of nematicides due to repeated use in each cropping season. Carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos exhibited a half-life (t 1/2 ) of 14, 20 and 27 days in soil with no history of nematicide use, whereas the t 1/2 was 6, 13 and 9 days in soil pre-treated seven times with nematicides and 28, 28 and 32 days in unsterilised soil, respectively. In cross adaptation studies, carbosulfan exhibited a t 1/2 of 7-9 days in soil pre-treated seven times with cadusafos and triazophos. The t 1/2 of cadusafos (22 days) was not affected in carbosulfan-treated soil but was affected (13 days) in triazophos-treated soil. Triazophos had a t 1/2 of 20 days in carbosulfan-treated soil and a t 1/2 of 8 days in cadusafos-treated soil. These results indicate that carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos can be applied effectively to the same field at least four times without decrease in efficacy due to accelerated biotransformation. Rotation of nematicide from different groups can be used in long-term nematode management strategies to avoid accelerated degradation and/or cross adaptation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Nematicidal efficacy, enhanced degradation and cross adaptation of carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos under tropical conditions

Meher

Gajbhiye

Singh

et al. 2010

Nematol

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“…The European Union banned the use of carbosulfan in 2007 (De Mel and Pathiratne, 2005;EU, 2007;FAO, 2010). Environmental concentration of carbosulfan has been ranged between 0.64 µg/L and 29 µg/L in fresh water (Leppert et al, 1983;Sao et al, 2008) and 0.010 mg/kg and 1.009 mg/kg in the surface soil (Acton, 2012).In the water, the metabolism of carbosulfan involves hydroxylation or oxidation reactions, or both, to be metabolized to carbofuran in animals (Giri et al, 2003). Carbosulfan, as with other carbamates, is highly toxic to fish and various other aquatic organisms (Chandrasekara and Pathiratne, 2007).…”

Section: Karbosulfanın Gökkuşağı Alabalığının (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Çapkın¹,

Boran²,

Altınok³

2014

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Present study was conducted to determine the effects of long term carbosulfan exposure on erythrocyte and liver acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to assess sensitive tissue to carbosulfan in terms of AChE activity. For these purpose, fish were allowed to recover in toxicant-free water for 24 days after 60 days of exposure. AChE activity was determined spectrophotometrically using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate in the erythrocyte and liver. Erythrocyte and liver AChE of carbosulfan-exposed fish showed considerable inhibition rate. A higher degree of enzyme inhibition was observed in the erythrocyte when compared with liver. The degree of enzyme inhibition had a positive correlation with the time of exposure. Erythrocyte and liver AChE activities were recovered after 18 d and 21 d, respectively. Results indicate that the erythrocyte AChE activity is more sensitive to carbosulfan exposure than that of liver AChE. The greater sensitivity of the erythrocyte AChE suggests that it may be more useful as a biomarker of carbosulfan exposure or contamination.

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“…Carbofuran extraction from water consisted of a 100 ml sample extraction of dichloromethane (Leppert et al, 1983). Carbofuran was measured using a gas chromatography system HP-5MS capilar column (length -30 m, diameter -0.25 mm); (film thickness -0.25 µm), with the oven temperature programmed as follows: initial = 100°C, for 1 min; slope: 25°C up to 280°C, kept for 2.5 min.…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the fate of the insecticide carbofuran in a rice field using a level 4 fugacity model

Paraíba

Plese

Foloni

et al. 2007

Span. j. agric. res.

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The object of this work was to verify the utility of a level 4 fugacity model to simulate the environmental fate of the insecticide carbofuran when employed in the cultivation of irrigated rice. The model simulated the dynamic distribution of carbofuran in a system comprising of air, water, rice plants and the soil. The results indicated preferential compartments quality, and provided further knowledge of the fate of carbofuran in rice cultivation. Field experiments on rice were carried out to test the correspondence between simulated and measured carbofuran concentration in water and soil. Simulated concentrations had higher values in the compartments water > soil > rice plants > air. The model can be a useful tool for simulating the environmental fate of this insecticide and can be coupled with sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to test the influence of all input parameters on the outputs.

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Determination of carbosulfan and carbofuran residues in plants, soil, and water by gas chromatography

Cited by 53 publications

References 4 publications

Nematicidal efficacy, enhanced degradation and cross adaptation of carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos under tropical conditions

Nematicidal efficacy, enhanced degradation and cross adaptation of carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos under tropical conditions

Untitled

Simulation of the fate of the insecticide carbofuran in a rice field using a level 4 fugacity model

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