Determination of carbaryl in tomato “in natura” using an amperometric biosensor based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity

Mercaptobenzothiazole-on-Gold Organic Phase Biosensor Systems: 3. Thick-Film Biosensors for Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticide Determination

“…A broad range of adverse effects can result from AChE inhibition and it includes abdominal pain and cramps, glandular secretions, skeletal muscle twitching, flaccid paralysis, tiredness, nausea, blurred vision, drowsiness, eye pain, convulsions, respiratory failure and untimely death. Furthermore, OP and CM compounds are now also known to have mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects and have been included in the list of known endocrine disruptor compounds (Luo & Zhang, 2009;Wu et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2008;Fu et al, 2009;Caetano & Machado, 2008). Due to the increasing toxicity and adverse effects of pesticides, many countries are now monitoring environmental and food samples for pesticides and have established maximum residue levels (MRLs) for various pesticides in food products (Hildebrandt et al, 2008).…”

“…Due to the increasing toxicity and adverse effects of pesticides, many countries are now monitoring environmental and food samples for pesticides and have established maximum residue levels (MRLs) for various pesticides in food products (Hildebrandt et al, 2008). Some of the conventional methods used for chemical analysis of pesticides include spectrophotometry, infrared spectrometry, flow-injection chemiluminescence, fluorimetry, fluorescence spectrometry, mass spectrometry, but mainly chromatographic techniques, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid Intelligent and Biosensors 186 chromatography (HPLC) (Wu et al, 2009;García de Llasera et al, 2009;Mavrikou et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2008;Caetano & Machado, 2008). There is no doubt that these methods are highly efficient and allow discrimination among different types of OP and CM compounds, but they require tedious sample pre-treatments, highly qualified technicians and sophisticated instruments.…”

Acetylcholinesterase Biosensor Based on Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes-graphene Hybrid Film

“…When the immersing time was longer than 12 min, the inhibition curve trended to a stable value. However, the inhibition of carbaryl could not reach 100%, which indicated that the binding sites between pesticides and enzymes could reach an equilibration AChE-CdS-G-CHIT/GCE 2-2000 ng/ml 0.7 ng/ml [51] AChE/PB-CHIT/GCE 2-80 ng/ml, 200-1000 ng/ml 0.6 ng/ml [52] AChE/carbon paste electrodes 1-15 μg/ml 0.4 μg/ml [53] AChE-CHIT/Au 0.005-0.1 μg/ml, 0.5-5 μg/ml 0.003 μg/ml [54] GC/MWCNT/CoPc 66-1322 ng/ml 1.1 ng/ml [55] GC/PANI/MWCNT/AChE 1.98-9.92 μg/ml 0.28 μg/ml [56] AChE/PDDA-MWCNTs-GR/GCE 0.8-50 ng/ml, 50-3000 ng/ml 0.13 ng/ml This work state [50]. Thus, the time of 12 min was selected as the optimum inhibition time.…”

Mercaptobenzothiazole-on-Gold Organic Phase Biosensor Systems: 4. Effect of Organic Solvents on Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticide Determination

“…mass spectrometry in GC-MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) or UV detection (HPLC-UV). However, despite the precision and accuracy of these methods, analyses are restricted to laboratory facilities, are time-consuming and expensive due to its analytical cost, limiting the operation of these instruments to highly qualified laboratory personnel (Somerset et al, 2009;Valdés-Ramírez et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2007;Gong et al, 2009;Caetano and Machado, 2008). Therefore, the need to find rapid, simple and sensitive methods for the detection of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticide compounds are growing.…”