Determination of caffeoylquinic acids in feed and related products by focused ultrasound solid–liquid extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Recent advances in extraction and analysis procedures of natural chlorogenic acids

“…In an attempt to eliminate the drawbacks of the conventional liquid extraction and to enhance the extraction process and, make it more environmentally friendly, the innovative extraction methods such as microwave-, ultrasound-, pressure-, and enzyme-assisted extraction together with supercritical fluid extraction have been developed and introduced. Their applicability for the isolation of various plant constituents, including CQAs, both on a small (laboratory) and large (manufactering) scale, is increasingly growing (Kaufmann and Christen 2002;Waksmundzka-Hajnos et al 2004;Li et al 2005;Carabias-Martinez et al 2005;Dawidowicz and Wianowska 2005a, b;Wianowska et al 2009Wianowska et al , 2014aWianowska et al , b, 2015bMustafa and Turner 2011;Upadhyay et al 2012;Dent et al 2015;Wianowska and Wiśniewski 2015;Tena et al 2015;Wianowska and Dawidowicz 2016a, b;Srinath and Maheswari 2016). This is understandable as these techniques, by limiting the use of mostly toxic organic solvents could improve extracts quality additionally, which is important taking into account the CQAs applicability as pro-health additives to foods and supplements.…”

“…Yet the process can be realized in a different way applying an ultrasonic disintegrator. In this case the ultrasound emitting tip is directly immersed in the extraction mixture and the process is called the focused ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (FUASE) (Tena et al 2015). FUASE, compared to UASE, by some researchers is considered to be even more reproducible and faster mainly due to a few times greater ultrasonic power (Martinez-Moral and Tena 2011).…”

“…Nowadays, the commonly observed trend of improving analytical abilities consists in using couplings with more than one separation and detection technique, e.g. LC-UV-MS, LC-MS-MS, LC-NMR-MS, and the like Clifford et al 2005;Deshpande et al 2014;Gu et al 2007;Dai et al 2015;Bajko et al 2016;Tena et al 2015). In the case of plants in which CQAs are present on low concentration levels, and their precise analysis is essential, more integrated and sophisticated systems are applied that couple on-line the process of CQAs extraction with their analysis e.g.…”

“…Though the more advanced form of LC i.e. ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) utilizing a sub-2-micron analytical column becomes increasingly popular for the determination of plant extract compounds, due to the improved resolution there are obtained shorter retention times and higher sensitivity (Shen et al 2010;Tena et al 2015). In general, LC separations of CQAs are performed by the reversed phase system (see Table 1).…”

“…However, for the single MS the typicall conditions are as follows: a collision energy of 35%, an ionization voltage of 3.5 kV, a capillary temperature of 350oC, a sheath gas flow rate of 65 arbitrary units, and an auxiliary gas flow rate of 10 arbitrary units. As for the most common MS analysers in the LC-based methods for the CQAs analysis in plants these are ion trap (IP), triple quadrupole (TQD) and time of flight (TOF) (Brolis et al 1998;Gu et al 2007;Paya et al 2007;Shen et al 2010;Xie et al 2011;Jaiswal et al 2012;Abu-Reidah et al 2013;Typek 2010, 2017;Deshpande et al 2014;Xue et al 2016;Tena et al 2015;Wianowska et al 2015a, b). Tandem MS is very convenient for performing mass spectrometric quantification and identity confirmation, as it enables analysis in the mode of Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM), also called Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM).…”