Determination of boldenone in postmortem specimens including blood and urine samples using LC-MS/MS

Park, Meejung; Sim, Juhyun; Jeon, Youngjoon; Yeon, Seonghoon; Lee, Jaesin; In, Sangwhan

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.043

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…De los 49 animales procedentes de la provincia 1,44 fueron juveniles y 5 adultos; de la provincia 2,15 bovinos de los cuales 14 fueron juveniles y 1 adulto; finalmente de la provincia 3 provinieron 8 animales siendo 5 juveniles y 3 adultos. Esto nos indica que el uso de boldenona se realiza en los dos rangos de edad, debido a que el uso de sustancias de tipo hormonal, aceleran el crecimiento de los bovinos, gracias a su efecto anabólico; [7] así mismo, debido a la cantidad de residuos hallados en tejidos animales, se puede suponer que los animales estuvieron expuestos por periodos prolongados al principio activo [29] y que los agentes farmacológicos veterinarios se usan de forma reiterativa sin control técnico adecuado. [30] Fig.…”

Section: Resultados Y Discusiónunclassified

“…[2] Al ser estos fármacos anabólicos una alternativa que permiten aumentar la producción cárnica [3] e inclusive llegan a ser usados ilegalmente por personas con la finalidad de superar sus condiciones atléticas, [4] especialmente la población más juvenil que los usa para mejorar su apariencia muscular y física, [5] corren el riesgo de sufrir un paro cardiaco [6], con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. [7,8] Dentro de los anabólicos más usados en ganadería se encuentra el grupo de los esteroides, estrógenos y progestágenos, [9] siendo la boldenona un agente anabólico de acción prolongada [10] análogo de la testosterona, usado tanto en bovinos, equinos, porcinos, caprinos, caninos, [11] en aves por vía intramuscular, a quienes puede producir efectos hepatotóxicos y nefrotóxicos [12] y en conejos quienes tienen un aumento considerable en su peso y disminución de su conversión alimenticia, [13] existiendo la probabilidad de causarles alteraciones histopatológicas. [14] La boldenona, como esteroide anabólico, ayuda en la generación de tejidos, al revertir el catabolismo de los mismos, inhibe a la testosterona por su propiedad de inhabilitar a la hormona luteinizante y estimula la eritropoyesis, [10] mejorando la ganancia diaria de peso, la eficiencia alimenticia y por ende el peso corporal final.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

See 1 more Smart Citation

Estudio De Residuos De Boldenona en Carne De Bovinos Faenados en El Camal Metropolitano De Quito

Pérez

Beltrán

Gutierrez

et al. 2020

revista

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Las necesidades de proteína de origen animal es un factor muy importante en el desarrollo biológico de los seres humanos, por lo cual deben cumplir requisitos importantes para que sean considerados inocuos y aptos para su consumo, puesto que en la crianza y producción de los animales, se utilizan varias sustancias farmacológicas como promotores de crecimiento y muchas veces no se cumplen los tiempos de retiro establecidos para que se eliminen estos fármacos de los tejidos comestibles, causando serias alteraciones en el consumidor, siendo más vulnerables los lactantes, niños pequeños, mujeres embarazadas y ancianos. Los objetivos del estudio estuvieron direccionados a realizar un levantamiento preliminar de información para determinar si existe presencia de boldenona en carne de bovinos faenados en el Camal Metropolitano de Quito y relacionar la presencia de ésta, en función a su edad y procedencia. Se tomaron 72 muestras de carne al azar, de animales con buena conformación, por un lapso de 4 semanas; posteriormente se analizaron por la técnica de screening de ELISA, en el Laboratorio de Contaminantes de Productos Pecuarios de AGROCALIDAD. Se determinó la presencia de residuos de boldenona en el 100% de las muestras analizadas, lo cual alerta sobre su posible uso como promotor de crecimiento en bovinos procedentes del litoral ecuatoriano, por lo que se debería analizar mediante técnicas confirmatorias como HPLC-MS para, de ser el caso, tomar las acciones preventivas y correctivas por parte de la Autoridad Nacional Competente.

show abstract

Section: Resultados Y Discusiónunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estudio De Residuos De Boldenona en Carne De Bovinos Faenados en El Camal Metropolitano De Quito

Pérez

Beltrán

Gutierrez

et al. 2020

revista

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In one case, the anabolic steroid agent boldenone was found. Boldenone is illegally used for increasing physical performance and enhancing muscular gain (23). The possible combination of an anabolic steroid and 2,4-DNP is consistent as both substances are used in competitive bodybuilding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of 2,4‐Dinitrophenol in Postmortem Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Method Development and Validation and Report of Three Fatalities in the United States

Campos

Fogarty

et al. 2019

Journal of Forensic Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is a compound used in the early 1900s as a weight-loss drug but later prohibited due to its severe adverse effects, including death. It has however been attracting interest, due to its weight-loss properties, and appears to be re-emerging in forensic casework. As 2,4-DNP is available for use in industry and as a pesticide and easily accessible online, the dissemination of this drug can be fast. The compound exerts its effects through inhibition of ATP synthesis, and corresponding thermogenic energy loss which can be fatal. A method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2,4-DNP in blood and urine specimens using GC-MS with hydrogen as carrier gas is described. The method was validated and displayed acceptable performance parameters with linearity (R 2 higher than 0.998), inter-assay imprecision (lower than 10.6%), intra-assay imprecision (lower than 10.7%), and extraction efficiency (92.1%). Stability of 2,4-DNP in blood and urine was studied, and the drug was stable up to 30 days refrigeration or frozen. Six cases in United States suspected to be related to 2,4-DNP were analyzed. Three cases were found to be positive for 2,4-DNP. Concentrations of 2,4-DNP were in the range of 61.6-220 mg/L in urine and <3-114 mg/L in blood. Based on our findings, we suggest that medical examiners and forensic toxicologists be aware of the reappearance of 2,4-DNP, including this compound as a target in death investigations related to weight-loss drugs.

show abstract

“…Despite being banned in humans, boldenone is still available illegally and heavily used by athletes and body builders and for fitness purposes in non-athletics [ 5 ]. Several health disorders have been associated with boldenone misuse like renal damage [ 6 ], cardiovascular disorders [ 7 ], liver dysfunction [ 8 ], and testicular problems [ 9 ] These actions were attributed to the adverse effects of boldenone on the antioxidant mechanisms of these organs [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Boldenone and/or Tramadol in Adult Male Rats

2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Boldenone and tramadol are abused among large sectors of adolescents. Therefore, the behavioral changes concerned with memory and cognitive functions and neurochemical variations were investigated in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. Rats were divided into control and rats treated with boldenone, tramadol, or both drugs. At the end of the treatment period, the memory and cognitive functions were evaluated by the Y-maze test (YMT) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and the motor activity was determined by the open field test (OFT). The cortex was dissected to carry out the neurochemical analyses. Rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol showed impaired memory and cognitive functions and reduced motor activity. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) decreased significantly. Western blot data showed a significant decrease in Bcl2 and a significant increase in caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. These changes were associated with neuronal death as indicated from the histopathological examination.The present findings indicate that boldenone and/or tramadol induced impairment in memory and cognitive functions. These changes could be mediated by the increase in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduced AChE level, and reduced number of survived neurons in the cortex as indicated from the decreased Bcl2 level and the histological examination.

show abstract

Determination of boldenone in postmortem specimens including blood and urine samples using LC-MS/MS

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Estudio De Residuos De Boldenona en Carne De Bovinos Faenados en El Camal Metropolitano De Quito

Estudio De Residuos De Boldenona en Carne De Bovinos Faenados en El Camal Metropolitano De Quito

Analysis of 2,4‐Dinitrophenol in Postmortem Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Method Development and Validation and Report of Three Fatalities in the United States

The Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Boldenone and/or Tramadol in Adult Male Rats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About