Determination of biocides in different environmental matrices by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

A sensitive and robust method using solid-phase extraction and ultrasonic extraction for preconcentration followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS) has been developed for determination of 19 biocides: eight azole fungicides (climbazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, thiabendazole, and carbendazim), two insect repellents (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), and icaridin (also known as picaridin)), three isothiazolinone antifouling agents (1,2-benzisothiazolinone (BIT), 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolinone (OIT), and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolinone (DCOIT)), four paraben preservatives (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben), and two disinfectants (triclosan and triclocarban) in surface water, wastewater, sediment, sludge, and soil. Recovery of the target compounds from surface water, influent, effluent, sediment, sludge, and soil was mostly in the range 70-120 %, with corresponding method quantification limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.31 ngL −1 , 0.07 to 7.48 ngL −1 , 0.01 to 3.90 ngL −1 , 0.01 to 0.45 ngg −1 , 0.01 to 6.37 ngg −1 , and 0.01 to 0.73 ngg −1 , respectively. Carbendazim, climbazole, clotrimazole, methylparaben, miconazole, triclocarban, and triclosan were detected at low ngL −1 (or ngg −1 ) levels in surface water, sediment, and sludge-amended soil. Fifteen target compounds were found in influent samples, at concentrations ranging between 0.4 (thiabendazole) and 372 ng L −1 (methylparaben). Fifteen target compounds were found in effluent samples, at concentrations ranging between 0.4 (thiabendazole) and 114 ngL −1 (carbendazim). Ten target compounds were found in dewatered sludge samples, at concentrations ranging between 1.1 (DEET) and 887 ngg −1 (triclocarban).

Simultaneous removal of inorganic and organic compounds in wastewater by freshwater green microalgae

“…The extraction and instrumental analysis followed the authors' previous methods. [22][23][24][25] In brief, the collected water samples (1 L each) from the STP and the laboratory experiment were ltered through prebaked glass ber lters (GF/F, Whatman 0.45 mm pore-size) before extraction. Then 50 mL methanol and 200 mL 4 M H 2 SO 4 were added immediately to each 1 L bottle to adjust the pH to 3.0.…”

Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides: An investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region

“…Biocides in water samples were extracted using solid phase extraction, while these compounds in sediment samples were extracted employing ultrasonic extraction, and cleaned up using solid phase extraction by our previous method (Chen et al, 2012).…”

“…Detailed operating conditions can be referred to the previous study (Chen et al, 2012). All data obtained from the analysis were subject to strict quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures.…”

Simultaneous determination of 24 personal care products in fish muscle and liver tissues using QuEChERS extraction coupled with ultra pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analyses

“…If the extraction efficiencies of these compounds are not consistent with their corresponding internal standards, these compounds will show higher or lower recoveries. The phenomena were also reported in other matrices for these chemicals, such as the poor recoveries of DEET and itraconazole in wastewater and sludge samples [35].…”

“…Three instrumental methods were developed based on our previous studies [34][35][36], which used ESI+ or ESI− modes of UPLC-MS/MS and EI mode of GC-MS to analyze target compounds with different physicochemical properties. The first method was for 10 biocides (fluconazole, carbendazim, thiabendazole, DEET, icaridin, climbazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and itraconazole) and 4 benzotriazoles (benzotriazole, 5-TT, CBT, and XT) by UPLC-MS/MS in positive ESI mode.…”