Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in urine by purge and trap gas chromatography

Abstract

Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in urine by purge and trap gas chromatography A method for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in urine is described. Determination is performed by dynamic headspace (purge and trap) gas chromatography with photoionization detection. The features of the described method, i.e. detection limits of 15 -35 ng L -1 , relative standard deviations of 0.2 -10%, accuracy of 80 -100%, removal of interference of many compounds present in urine, sharp chromatographic peaks because of cryogenic refocusing, no sample preparation, make it convenient for biological monitoring of exposure to low levels of BTEX. However, the method is time-consuming and sophisticated.

A needle trap device packed with MIL‐100(Fe) metal organic frameworks for efficient headspace sampling and analysis of urinary BTEXs

“…Dynamic headspace GC-PID 0.015-0.035 0.030-0.060 9.5% Karačonji & Skender (2007) Headspace-purge and trap GC-PID 0.015-0.035 0.050-0.075 10.0% (Brči c & Skender, 2003) Headspace-PDMS-SPME GC-MS 0.035-0.050 0.050-0.08 11.0% (Karačonji & Skender, 2007) Headspace-CAR-PDMS-SPME GC-FID 0.002-0.010 0.003-0.012 13.0% (Gomes et al, 2010) Headspace-Ph, PDMS-CMV GC-MS 0.001-0.006 0.005-0.013 5.0% (Gura et al, 2018) Headspace-CF, CAR-PDMS-SPME GC-FID 0.0002-0.0007 0.007-0.02 9.6% (Tajik et al, 2017) Headspace-MIL-NTD GC-FID 0.0001-0.0005 0.0003-0.0014 7.6% Present RSD, Relative standard deviation; GC, gas chromatography; PID, photo ionization detector; PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane; SPME, solid-phase micro-extraction; MS, mass spectrometry; CAR, carboxen; FID, flame ionization detector Ph, phenyl; CMV, capillary microextraction of volatile; CF, cold fiber; NTD, needle trap device. previous studies for headspace extraction of BTEXs from the urine matrix.…”

“…Thus far, various analytical methods, such as dynamic headspace (Karačonji & Skender, 2007), headspace purge and trap (Brči c & Skender, 2003), headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (Gomes, D'Andrea, Mendes, & de Siqueira, 2010;Gura, Tarifa, Mulloor, Torres, & Almirall, 2018;Karačonji & Skender, 2007) and cooling/heating headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (Tajik, Bahrami, Ghiasvand, & Shahna, 2017), have been used for the determination of urinary BTEXs. solid-phase micro-extraction as a solvent-less, onestep, fast and cost-effective method has been used for the extraction and analysis of VOCs in urine.…”

Multiresidue Determination of Six Pesticide Adjuvants in Characteristic Minor Crops Using QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry

“…To date, several methods, including gas chromatography (GC),‐ gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS),‐ and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),, have been developed for determining toluene, xylenes, DMF or DMSO in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food packaging, textile, architectural coating, urine, serum, water, and soil samples. However, the method for analyzing the six target pesticide adjuvants in characteristic minor crops has not been reported.…”

“…Sample pretreatment techniques that could concentrate trace analytes and prevent interferences is a key step in analytical procedure. Recently, several methods have been explored for the determination of the six target pesticide adjuvants, such as liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE),‐ headspace extraction (HS),, solid‐phase microextraction (SPME),,, and purge and trap (PT) ,. However, the traditional LLE using large volumes of toxic organic solvents is tedious, time consuming, and environmentally unfriendly.…”

Sensitive headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of trihalomethanes in urine

“…In particular benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) have been determined in urine of people exposed to these pollutants by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) [14], by purge and trap-GC/MS [15], and in blood and urine of people not occupationally exposed to BTEX, by HS-GC/MS [16]. Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons have also been determined in biological fluids by HS-SPME-GC/MS [17,18] with detection limits 20 times lower than those obtained by static headspace; detection limits of 100 ng/l were obtained by using purge and trap-GC/MS [19], compared with static headspace this method is 100 times more sensitive.…”