Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride in a Disinfectant by UV Spectrophotometry and Gas and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Validation, Comparison of Characteristics, and Economic Feasibility

Abstract

Simple, fast, and validated UV-spectrophotometric, HPLC, and GC methods for the analysis of benzalkonium chloride in a disinfectant were developed. UV-spectrophotometric determination was based on measuring the amount of light absorption of aqueous solutions of benzalkonium chloride at 268 nm. HPLC determination was achieved with a 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of a 0.01% water solution of triethylamine (with pH 2.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 40 : 60 v/v. The column temperature was kept at 30°C, and the injection volume was 10 μL. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the diode array detector was set at 215 nm. GC determination was performed using a flame ionization detector on a glass capillary column ZB-WAX plus 30 m × 0.25 mm with an inner coating thickness of 0.25 μm. It creates a gradient increase in the temperature of the furnace to the maximum of 200°C. The temperature of the injector was 250°C, 1 μl was injected, and the separation of the sample was 1 : 100. Helium was used as a carrier gas, and the gas flow rate was constant, equaling 1.6 ml/min. The temperature of the detector was 250°C, and a mixture of hydrogen, helium, and air in a ratio of 30 : 8.5 : 350 was used in the split of the detector. All proposed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to the accuracy, precision (interday, intraday, and reproducibility), linearity, the limit of detection, the limit of quantitation, and robustness. All three methods were linear (R2 = 0.997–0.999) over a concentration range of 400–600 μg/ml for UV and 80–120 μg/ml for HPLC and GC, accurate (recovery was 98.4–101.7% for all methods), precise (RSD <2%), and robust. The cost of the analysis of one sample of the disinfectant for the content of benzalkonium chloride by three methods was calculated. The comparison of the obtained results facilitates a more efficient allocation of laboratory resources, depending on the goal.

Konsentrasi Benzalkonium Klorida Di Perairan Segara Anakan, Cilacap

“…Sampel-sampel air ini nantinya akan dikemas dalam kotak sterofoam yang telah dilengkapi dengan jel es yang baru untuk dikirimkan ke laboratorium. Di laboratorium, sampel air dianalisis menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatpgraphy (HPLC) untuk memperoleh nilai kandungan BAC-nya (Ivan et al, 2019;Emadian et al, 2021;Smolinska et al, 2022). Pada dasarnya, metode ini bekerja secara fisikokimia, didasarkan pada teknik kromatografi.…”

“…Sebab BAC banyak terkandung dalam produk-produk disinfektan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan rumah tangga sehari-hari (Dwumfour-asare et al, 2017). Di sisi lain, operasional industri pun banyak memanfaatkan senyawa BAC seperti pada industri tekstil (N. P. W. T. Dewi et al, 2017) (Xiongfeng et al, 2012), pangan (T. Yu et al, 2018), pengolahan air (Du et al, 2020), dan terutama industri medis/farmasi (Kim et al, 2020;Ogilvie et al, 2021;Smolinska et al, 2022). Dalam proses pembuangannya, BAC tidak diolah dengan sempurna baik karena alasan terlalu rumit dan mahal, pun karena belum ada teknologi yang cukup efisien untuk mendegradasi senyawa ini di instalasi pengolahan limbah.…”

Development of a sustainable procedure for smartphone-based colorimetric determination of benzalkonium chloride in pharmaceutical preparations

“…Various techniques have been proposed to determine BKC concentration, including high-performance liquid chromatography [ [13] , [14] , [15] ], electrochemistry [ 16 ] and spectrophotometry, using chromogenic agents such as eosin, eosin-Y, methyl orange, bromophenol blue (BPB), bromothymol blue (BTB), and bromocresol green [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ]. However, all require expensive equipment, experience, time consumption, and cannot be analyzed onsite.…”

Analysis of Two Single and Three Double Long-Chain Quaternary Ammonium Compounds via Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis with Indirect Ultraviolet Detection

“…Although potentiometric titration avoids color interference and the use of indicators, the surfactant electrode's lifetime is reduced by common additives like ethanol in disinfectants, leading to increased analysis costs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is often coupled with a universal detector, such as ultraviolet detectors (UV) [15], evaporative lightscattering detectors (ELSDs) [16] or mass spectrometry detector (MS) [17], to detect, identify and quantify QAC species in disinfectant products. MS detectors offer high sensitivity for analyzing QAC residues in food or environmental samples.…”