Determination of bacterial muramic acid by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry with negative-ion detection

Elmroth, Ingrid; Fox, Alvin; Larsson, Lennart

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80335-6

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It is, however, plausible that other mechanisms are also of importance. We have shown that interleukin-8 (IL-8) [21] and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) increase in lavage fluid following exposure to swine dust (unpublished observations). Both these mediators are potent chemotactic factors for inflammatory cells and probably contributed to the chemoattraction of granulocytes and lymphocytes in the present setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways

Larsson²,

Palmberg³

et al. 1997

Eur Respir J

147

138

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In healthy subjects, acute inhalation of swine dust causes an influx of inflammatory cells into the airways and increased bronchial responsiveness. The exposure may also cause fever and generalized symptoms. It seems likely that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the response to inhaled swine dust.Nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed before, and 7 and 24 h after the start of 3 h exposure to swine dust, during a period of work in a swine confinement building, in 22 healthy subjects. Lavage fluids were analysed with regard to the cellular response and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Each subject carried personal samplers for exposure measurements. Inhalable dust and airborne endotoxin, 3-hydroxylated (2-OH) fatty acid and muramic acid were measured. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was investigated 1-2 weeks before and 7 h after the start of the exposure.Exposure caused fever (>38°C) in three subjects, and approximately 25% of the subjects experienced symptoms. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine increased by 3.5 (1.6-4.8) doubling doses (median (25th-75th percentile)). Following exposure, granulocytes increased more than 50 fold in BAL fluid and more than 40 fold in nasal lavage fluid. IL-1α and IL-1β increased significantly in BAL fluid (p<0.05) and nasal lavage fluid (p<0.01). IL-6 increased 25 fold in BAL and 15 fold in nasal lavage fluid (p<0.001). TNF-α was below detection limit (0.25 ng·L -1 ) in most subjects before exposure and increased following exposure to 3.8 (2.4-5.7) and 1.3 (0.6-2.3) ng·L -1 in BAL and nasal lavage fluid, respectively, (p<0.001). Total inhalable dust was 20.5 (14.6-30.0) mg·m -3 and the concentrations of airborne endotoxin, 3-OH fatty acid and muramic acid were 1.2 (0.8-1.4), 3.5 (2.2-4.5) and 0.9 (0.3-1.9) µg·m -3 , respectively. There was a significant correlation between the IL-6 response in BAL fluid and exposure to dust endotoxin activity and 3-OH fatty acids (p<0.05). Otherwise, no significant correlations were found between exposure and the cytokine response.We conclude that exposure to swine dust causes an intense upper and lower airway inflammation, which involves the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Analysis of 3-OH fatty acid was then performed as described previously [20]. The aqueous (acidic) phase was evaporated, subjected to TMS derivatization, and analysed for muramic acid [21]. Muramic acid forms 10-20% of the total peptidoglycan mass.…”

Section: Exposure Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways

Larsson²,

Palmberg³

et al. 1997

Eur Respir J

147

138

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“…The concentration of muramic acid in the spleen and synovial tissue was measured by GC-MS using negative chemical ionization with the selected ion monitoring as described previously [23], with some modification. N-methyl-dglucamine (Sigma Chemical Co.) was used as the internal standard and prepared separately.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…N-methyl-dglucamine (Sigma Chemical Co.) was used as the internal standard and prepared separately. Because free muramic acid cannot be used as a standard in negative chemical ionization [23], E. limosum CW was used as a standard. The muramic acid concentration of E. limosum CW was quantified using electron impact ionization with authentic muramic acid (Sigma, Chemical Co.) as the standard [9].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Chronic Arthritis and Granulomatous Inflammation Induced byBifidobacteriumCell Walls

et al. 2001

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Effects of cell walls (CWs) from two almost identical strains of Bifidobacterium adolescentis were studied in rats, using three different doses. A single i.p. injection of both CWs triggered a long‐lasting arthritis with CW degradation products present in the joint tissue. Histologically, the arthritis was characterized by inflammatory cells, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation and bone erosion, closely resembling human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, CWs of the other strain induced a remarkable granuloma formation in the spleen and liver. Both CWs have the same peptidoglycan (PG) type A4α/β, but differ from each other in three aspects. CW of the granuloma inducing strain: firstly has more lysine and less ornithine in PG stem peptides; secondly is more resistant to lysozyme degradation, and thirdly is better retained in the spleen. All these in comparison to the other strain used. Such characteristics are associated with the capacity to induce chronic arthritis, but it remains open how crucial they are for the granuloma formation.

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“…Muramic acid constitutes about 10 -20% of peptidoglycan mass (Wang et al 1997). Analytical methodologies using HPLC and GC/MS have been developed to quantify muramic acid in settled dust and air samples as a surrogate marker of peptidoglycan (Elmroth et al 1992, Elmroth & Larsson 1993. GC/MS offers more specificity and sensitivity and has been more successful in detecting muramic acid in air samples.…”

Section: Muramic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure assessment and analysis for biological agents

Martinez

Rao

Burton

2004

Grana

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Determination of bacterial muramic acid by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry with negative-ion detection

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways

Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways

Experimental Chronic Arthritis and Granulomatous Inflammation Induced byBifidobacteriumCell Walls

Exposure assessment and analysis for biological agents

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