Determination of ATP-activity as a useful tool for monitoring microbial load in aqueous humidifier samples

Liebers, Verena; Bachmann, Dieter; Franke, Gabriele; Freundt, Susanne; Stubel, Heike; Düser, Maria; Kendzia, Benjamin; Böckler, M.; Brüning, Thomas; Raulf, Monika

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.11.004

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…38 In recent years, several studies on the application of ATP-activity for monitoring microbial loads in environmental samples (including surface and device swabs, aqueous humidifier samples, and ready-toeat foods) were evaluated and was reported as a useful tool as it gave a good correlation with the standard methods. [39][40][41] The intervention program for reducing the microbial concentration in the air and on the surface areas in ambulances should emphasize the need for a ventilation improvement strategy, and improvement in the cleaning program of the ambulance environment, including medical instruments, seats, the floor, and air conditioning units. Additionally, the use of standard precautions, including hand hygiene and effective personal protective equipment (PPE) will prevent cross infection and save ambulance personnel's lives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Air Quality and Bacterial Surface Contamination in Ambulances During Patient Services

Luksamijarulkul¹,

Pipitsangjan²

2015

Oman Med J

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This study revealed high microbial contamination (bacterial and fungal) in ambulance air during services and higher bacterial contamination on medical instrument surfaces and allocated areas after ambulance services compared to the start of ambulance runs. Additionally, bacterial and fungal counts in ambulance air showed a significantly positive correlation with the bacterial surface contamination on medical instruments and allocated areas. Further studies should be conducted to determine the optimal intervention to reduce microbial contamination in the ambulance environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Air Quality and Bacterial Surface Contamination in Ambulances During Patient Services

Luksamijarulkul¹,

Pipitsangjan²

2015

Oman Med J

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“…These findings were consistent with the secondary use of ATPB that was used to support the results of the bacterial collection studies. The use of ATPB as a measure of bactericidal activity on surfaces is controversial ( 15 – 21 ) with some articles finding good correlation between RLU and other bacterial outputs such as aerobic colony counts and pyogenic or endotoxin activity ( 18 , 19 ) in laboratory and hospital settings. Others have reported good reproducibility of CFU and ATPB readings but poor correlative readings ( 16 , 17 , 20 ) in healthcare settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro comparison of methods for sampling copper-based antimicrobial surfaces

Williams,

Woznow,

Velapatino

et al. 2023

Microbiol Spectr

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For more than a decade, copper (Cu) and Cu alloy surfaces have been approved and registered as solid antimicrobials to reduce the environmental bioburden of potential pathogens. Bacterial collection and enumeration are important steps in assessing antimicrobial efficacy of these surfaces, yet comparisons of the different collection methods from Cu surfaces are scarce in the literature. This study compared Petrifilm (PF) aerobic count plates applied directly onto Cu surfaces and two indirect (cellulose sponges and Quick Swab) collection methods to evaluate bacterial recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus from three different formulations of Cu surfaces. ATP bioluminescence (ATPB) and live-dead flow cytometry staining were performed in tandem to corroborate bacterial recovery and antimicrobial findings. While all three collection methods were able to recover bacteria, direct PF contact with Cu surface consistently exhibited 2–3 Log higher colony-forming units (CFU)/20-cm 2 counts. No significant difference in bacterial counts was found when sponges or swabs were applied to Cu surfaces and inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar plates (BAP). No difference was observed between PF and BAP counts when PF was used for recovery after indirect sample collection using Quick Swab. Comparison of microbial counts with live-dead staining and ATPB results suggests that the PF direct collection method revived stressed and dying bacteria. This phenomenon was not observed with the indirect PF method. Direct sampling of Cu surfaces using PF confers a survival advantage to bacteria stressed by Cu and may induce higher bacterial counts. IMPORTANCE Self-sanitizing surfaces such as copper (Cu) are increasingly used on high-touch surfaces to prevent the spread of harmful viruses and bacteria. Being able to monitor the antimicrobial properties of Cu is fundamental in measuring its antimicrobial efficacy. Thorough investigations into reliable methods to enumerate bacteria from self-sanitizing surfaces are lacking in the literature. This study demonstrates that direct use of Petrifilm on Cu surfaces most likely revives stressed and dying bacteria, which induces increased bacterial counts. This phenomenon was not observed with indirect collection methods. Studies assessing time-kill kinetics or long-term efficacy of Cu should consider the impact of the collection method chosen.

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“…Like HOCl produced by human immunity by the myeloperoxidase‐H 2 O 2 ‐Cl system of phagocytic cells, HOCl produced artificially for disinfection can fight invading pathogens and infections (Hortac Istar et al, 2020; Tazawa et al, 2023; Zemouri et al, 2020; Zoni et al, 2007). In one study, it has been reported that HOCl had a toxic effect on bacteria by completely disrupting bacterial ATP production (Shajahan et al, 2016), and in another study, HOCl solution was effective to reduce the risk of oral pathogens and SARS‐CoV‐2 viruses even after the dental unit had passed through the waterline, and airborne infection in dental practice (Liebers et al, 2015). Control of microbiological contamination in dental unit water lines; It is often achieved by the chlorine‐based disinfectants, but short‐term exposures are known to reduce bacterial colonization but not remove biofilm (Watamoto et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of different disinfectants on the biofilm formation in dental unit water systems using dip slide and conventional methods: A pilot study

Özmen,

Erdoğan,

Güngördü

et al. 2024

Microscopy Res & Technique

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ObjectiveBiofilm formation in dental waterlines brings opportunistic infections, especially for immunosuppressive patients. This study aimed to determine biofilm‐forming microorganisms by various methods and investigate disinfectants' effects on biofilm.Materials & MethodsIn the study, samples were obtained from the waterlines of 10–15 aged six dental units, before (0 min.) and after chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) treatment (1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min.), and total colony counts were performed using conventional surface smear method (SSM) and dip slide method (DSM). The Congo red agar and Christensen methods were used to examine the biofilm‐forming properties of the isolates. Monitoring of biofilm presence was also visualized by SEM scanning.ResultsWhen DSM and SSM are compared in all units where ClO2 and HOCl are applied, DSM can detect bacterial growth even during periods of greater exposure to disinfectant application. Although DSM can achieve a value approaching 3% even at the 10th minute in units treated with HOCl; SSM does not show reproduction at the same disinfectant exposure and duration; It was observed that in the units where ClO2 was applied, the growth was no longer observed at the 10th minute with DSM, and SSM, 50% growth in the first minute of the units treated with ClO2 could not be detected in the 5th minute.ConclusionsIt is concluded that it can be advisable to routinely disinfect the dental unit water systems with non‐toxic doses of ClO2 application before patient treatments in clinics and also to perform contamination controls at regular intervals with DSM, which is a sensitive and very practical method.Research highlights It has been observed that the dip slide method can count bacteria more sensitively than conventional methods in dental water systems without the need for experienced personnel and equipment. The difference between biofilm formation in water systems before and after disinfectant exposure in SEM examinations is remarkable. The effects of ClO2 and HOCl on biofilm were investigated and bacterial growth was inhibited in dental units between 5 and 10 minutes with both disinfectants.

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Determination of ATP-activity as a useful tool for monitoring microbial load in aqueous humidifier samples

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Microbial Air Quality and Bacterial Surface Contamination in Ambulances During Patient Services

Microbial Air Quality and Bacterial Surface Contamination in Ambulances During Patient Services

In vitro comparison of methods for sampling copper-based antimicrobial surfaces

Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of different disinfectants on the biofilm formation in dental unit water systems using dip slide and conventional methods: A pilot study

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