Determination of As(III) using developed dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract

The method relies on selective complexation of As(III) with a suitable chelating agent followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) equipped with microsample introduction system was utilised for determination of As(III). 1-Undecanol and acetone were used as extraction solvent and disperser solvent respectively. Some effective parameters on complex formation and extraction have been optimised. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor of 108 for As(III) was obtained from 9.8 mL of water samples. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 2-15 mg L À1 with detection limits of 0.60 mg L À1 for As(III). The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for ten replicate measurements of 5.00 m gL À1 of As(III) was 6.2%. Operation simplicity and high enrichment factors are the main advantages of DLLME for the determination of As(III) without necessity for hydride generation in water samples.Keywords: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; determination of As(III); flame atomic absorption spectrometry; water analysis 1. Introduction Arsenic is the twentieth most abundant element in the crust of earth, the fourteenth in the seawater and the twelfth in the human body. Arsenic and arsenic compounds are used in wood preservatives, glass manufacture, alloys, electronics, catalysts, food additives and veterinary chemicals [1].Nowadays, it is well known that the occurrence of arsenic in natural waters is not just associated with the geochemical environment where it is found. Direct releasing of arsenic to the environment can occur as a result of anthropogenic activities such as petrochemical industries. Arsenic is found in crude oil in concentrations ranging from 510 to 26.2 mg kg À1 , depending on the geographical origin of petroleum [2]. Arsenic exists in nature in the oxidation states þV (arsenate), þIII (arsenite), 0 (arsenic) and ÀIII (arsine). In the aqueous environment, inorganic arsenic appears commonly in the oxidation states þV and þIII as arsenous acid (As(III)), arsenic acid (As(V)), and their salts [3]. Inorganic compounds of As are more toxic than their organic ones and may be found in ground and surface waters [4]. As(III) is reported to be 25-60 times more toxic than As(V), and several hundred times more toxic than organic arsenicals (at least in the case of the mono and

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