“…Rice is cultivated on 159 million ha and it is estimated that, for 3 billion people, 35-60% of their dietary calorie intake is through rice consumption (Fageria, 2007;GRISP, 2012;Vasudevan, Mathad, Doddagoudar, & Shakuntala, 2014). The toxicity of As is dependent on the chemical form present (Gong, Lu, Ma, Watt, & Le, 2002;Juskelis, Li, Nelson, & Cappozzo, 2013;Syu, Huang, Jiang, Lee, & Lee, 2015;Zwicker, Zwicker, Laoharojanaphand, & Chatt, 2011). Inorganic arsenic species (iAs) are classified as a class I carcinogen (IARC, 2004;Munera-Picazo et al, 2014;Weinber, 2004), and are more toxic and carcinogenic than organic species (Ammann, 2011;Henke, 2009).…”