Determination of Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer, Antidiabetic, Antiglaucoma and Antimicrobial Effects of Zivzik Pomegranate (Punica granatum)—A Chemical Profiling by LC-MS/MS

Abstract

Zivzik pomegranate (Punica granatum) has recently sparked considerable interest due to its nutritional and antioxidant properties. To evaluate the antioxidant capacities of P. granatum juice, ethanol (EEZP), and water (WEZP) extracts from peel and seed, the antioxidant methods of 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS•+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging, Fe3+-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing, Fe3+ reducing, and Cu2+ reducing methods were used. The antioxidant capacities of samples were compared with the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants, i.e., BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol, and Trolox. In terms of setting an example, the IC50 values of EEZP for ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging activities were found to be lower than standards, at 5.9 and 16.1 μg/mL, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in EEZP peel were 59.7 mg GAE/g and 88.0 mg QE/g, respectively. Inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes was also investigated. EEZP demonstrated IC50 values of 7.3 μg/mL against α-glycosidase, 317.7 μg/mL against α-amylase, 19.7 μg/mL against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and 106.3 μg/mL against CA II enzymes. A total of 53 phenolic compounds were scanned, and 30 compounds were determined using LC-MS/MS. E. coli and S. aureus bacteria were resistant to all four antibiotics used as standards in hospitals.

Comprehensive Phytochemical Content by LC/MS/MS and Anticholinergic, Antiglaucoma, Antiepilepsy, and Antioxidant Activity of Apilarnil (Drone Larvae)

“…[34] Therefore, it is important that protocatechuic acid is present in Apilarnil. It has been stated that 4-OH benzoic acid has various biological properties such as antioxidant, [35] antimicrobial activity, [36] phenoloxidase [37] and inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase. [38] Caffeic acid has been reported to reveal antitumor, antioxidant, anti-fibrosis, anti-anti-hypertension, antivirus, and effects.…”

Investigation of the effects of some pesticides on carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes

“…The reaction of CA with CO 2 produces H + and HCO 3 − ions. This reaction occurs in many tissues, such as kidney, gastric mucosa, and lens of the eye 35–37 …”

“…This reaction occurs in many tissues, such as kidney, gastric mucosa, and lens of the eye. [35][36][37] In this study, two CA isozymes were purified in a single step by Sepharose-4B-4-(6-amino-hexyloxy)-benzenesulfonamide affinity column chromatography. hCA I was purified 95.53-fold with a specific activity of 709.09 EU/mg and an overall yield of 70.91%, and hCA II was purified 215.56-fold with a specific activity of 1600 EU/mg and an overall yield of 52.36% (Table 2).…”

Exploring antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase of Elaeocarpus braceanus fruits: insights into mechanisms by molecular docking and molecular dynamics

“…Diabetes is a physiological disorder caused by insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or excessive glucagon production (Bursal et al ., 2019; Beydag‐Tasoez et al ., 2023; Karagecili et al ., 2023). This disease is a chronic condition that has yielded significant negative effects on human health (Purwaningsih et al ., 2023).…”