Determination of anti-anxiety and anti-epileptic drugs in hospital effluent and a preliminary risk assessment

Almeida, Carlos; Brenner, Carla G. B.; Minetto, Luciane; Mallmann, Carlos Augusto; Martins, Ayrton F.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.032

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The treatment of the HUSM effluent is carried out through a simple septic tank and anaerobic filter system, after which it is discharged into a stream that flows across the campus. This treated effluent still has a very complex matrix and its direct discharge may pose a risk to the environment (Brenner et al 2010;Minetto et al 2012;Almeida et al 2013).…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Ester Heathmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HUSM is the most important health institution in the central region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Minetto et al 2012;Almeida et al 2013). The treatment of the HUSM effluent is carried out through a simple septic tank and anaerobic filter system, after which it is discharged into a stream that flows across the campus.…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Ester Heathmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Almeida

Oliveira

Mallmann

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study addresses the occurrence of carbamazepine and diazepam and their metabolites in the wastewater of the University Hospital (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS-Brazil. Samples were collected from three sampling points of the sewage treatment system: point A ('emergency effluent'), point B ('general effluent') and point C ('water course-receptor'). Eight metabolites were identified: carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, 10-dihydro-carbamazepine, 2-OH-carbamazepine, iminoquinone, acridone, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam. The mean concentrations in the emergency, general effluent and water course-receptor were as follows: 433.0 ± 4.7, 349.0 ± 5.0 and 485.0 ± 5.6 ng L(-1), for carbamazepine and 550.0 ± 4.3, 441.0 ± 7.9 and 586.6 ± 9.3 ng L(-1), for diazepam, respectively. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS) proved to be a method fit-to-purpose. The determination of carbamazepine and diazepam, and the identification of active metabolites showing environmental persistence (carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, nordiazepam and oxazepam) revealed the need for a more effective treatment of the HUSM effluent. As far as we know, no similar study has been carried out on the wastewater of Brazilian hospitals.

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Section: Responsible Editor: Ester Heathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Responsible Editor: Ester Heathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Almeida

Oliveira

Mallmann

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Most of the investigations referred to pilot/lab scale plants (69%) and the remaining 31% to full scale dedicated facilities (see Table SD-1 in the Supplementary data). The latter include the following treatment trains: septic tank followed by an anaerobic filter (Brazil, de Almeida et al, 2013;Martins et al, 2008); UASB + anaerobic filters (Brazil, Prado et al, 2011); series of maturation and facultative ponds (Ethiopia, Beyene and Redaie, 2011); septic tank + constructed wetlands (H-SSF + V-SSF beds) (Nepal, Shrestha et al, 2001); MBR (in Germany, Beier et al, 2011Beier et al, , 2012in China: Liu et al, 2010;Wen et al, 2004); CAS + chlorination (in Greece, Kosma et al, 2010;in Brazil, Prado et al, 2011;in Iran, Mahvi et al, 2009) Moreover, 53% of the studies were carried out in European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey), 27% in Asiatic countries (China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Nepal, Republic of Korea, Thailand and Taiwan), 16% in South America (Brazil) and 4% in Africa (Egypt and Ethiopia). PhCs were detected and removal efficiencies were evaluated in 60% of the studies included, whereas the remaining ones only refer to conventional parameters.…”

Section: Technologies and Treatment Trains For Hww Under Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

What have we learned from worldwide experiences on the management and treatment of hospital effluent? — An overview and a discussion on perspectives

Verlicchi

Aukidy

Zambello

2015

Science of The Total Environment

266

105

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This study overviews lessons learned from experimental investigations on dedicated treatment systems of hospital effluent carried out worldwide in the last twenty years. It includes 48 peer reviewed papers from 1995 to 2015 assessing the efficacy of different treatment levels (preliminary, primary, secondary and polishing) of hospital wastewater in removing a wide spectrum of pharmaceutical compounds as well as conventional contaminants. Moreover, it highlights the rationale and the reasons for each study: reducing the discharge of micropollutants in surface water, improving existing wastewater treatment technologies and reducing the risk of spread of pathogens causing endemic diseases and finally, it offers a critical analysis of the conclusions and suggestions of each study. The most investigated technologies are membrane bioreactors equipped with ultrafiltration membranes in the secondary step, ozonation followed by activated carbon filtration (in powder and in granules) in the polishing step. Interesting research projects deal with photo-Fenton processes acting as primary treatments to enhance biodegradation before biological treatment, and as a polishing step, thus further reducing micro-contaminant occurrence. Investment and operational costs are also presented and discussed for the different treatment technologies tested worldwide, in particular membrane bioreactors and various advanced oxidation processes. This study also discusses the need for further research to evaluate toxicity resulting from advanced oxidation processes as well as the need to develop an accurate feasibility study that encompasses technical, ecotoxicological and economic aspects to identify the best available treatment in the different situations from a global view point.

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“…There are several BDZs presently in use for therapeutic purposes, and the effects of the widespread consumption of these compounds extend to several facets of human life, including potential environmental and ecotoxicological issues [1][2][3][4]. Indeed, trace levels of BDZs can now be found disseminated on the environment, thus becoming a matter of ecological concern [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, trace levels of BDZs can now be found disseminated on the environment, thus becoming a matter of ecological concern [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Over the last decade, there has been a significant number of studies reporting the occurrence of BDZs in environmental matrices, namely in wastewater treatment plants influents and effluents, surface waters, and drinking waters [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A DFT study on the adsorption of benzodiazepines to vermiculite surfaces

2014

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Widespread use of pharmaceuticals such as benzodiazepines has been resulting over the last decades in the dissemination of residues of these compounds in the environment, and such fact has been raising increasing concern. The generally low efficiencies of conventional wastewater treatment processes for the removal of this type of pollutants demands for the development of alternative or complementary water and wastewater treatment technologies, among which adsorption processes have been gaining popularity, provided that cheap efficient adsorbents are found. Clay materials have been one of the popular choices in this regard. In the present study, quantum chemical calculations have been performed by periodic DFT using the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method to characterize the interactions of two benzodiazepine molecules, alprazolam and diazepam, with a surface of clay mineral, vermiculite. It was observed that both molecules interact strongly with the vermiculite surface, both through a water-bridge binding and by cation-bridge provided by the exchangeable Mg 2+ cations of the vermiculite surface. The results point to an interesting potential of vermiculite to be used efficiently as filter medium to remove these pollutants from water and wastewater.

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Determination of anti-anxiety and anti-epileptic drugs in hospital effluent and a preliminary risk assessment

Cited by 31 publications

References 28 publications

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

What have we learned from worldwide experiences on the management and treatment of hospital effluent? — An overview and a discussion on perspectives

A DFT study on the adsorption of benzodiazepines to vermiculite surfaces

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